Fluorescence lanthanoid complexes

Other pioneers in polysilane OLEDs were Suzuki (NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Japan) and Haarer (Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bayreuth) [112]. Based on polysilanes, they and others designed numerous multi-layer OLEDs which contained a variety of fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes as emitters. Some fluorescent dyes used were lanthanoid complexes [113] or derivatives of coumarine, perylene, phenoxazole or 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(/ -dimethyl-aminostyryl)-4//-pyrane (DCM) [114-117], Benzophenone was used as a phosphorescent dye [118]. 

At present, luminescence determination methods are available for almost all elements of the periodic table (Fig. 3). Most extensively used are methods whereby fluorescent, more rarely phosphorescent, complexes of elements with organic ligands are obtained. Many methods utilize the native luminescence of lanthanoides (III), uranyl, mercury-like and other ions in crystallophosphors and complexes with inorganic and organic ligands and also chemiluminescence. 

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