Flavin Adenine Dinucleohde

Flavins are an important cofactor involved in many biological electron transfer processes [258[. They commonly occur as FAD, flavin mononucleohde, and riboflavin. For example, FAD is the cofactor in GOx. Cotton and Holt could even detect it at a very sensihve level of 10 M on a roughened Ag electrode by SERRS although in their study on GOx it was an interference [295]. Flavins can undergo oxidahon-reduction in either a single two-electron transfer step or two 

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Direct interachon between enzyme and electrode is a particular challenge for many redox enzymes as the redox cofactor is buried deep within the protein structure. The cofactor of GOx, for example, is buried deep within the protein stmcture. One intereshng soluhon to this hmitahon is to anchor the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleohde (FAD) directly to the electrode surface. When the apoenzyme (enzyme without cofactor) is subsequently added, the protein reforms around the anchored FAD and tethers the enzyme in close... 

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