Flame smelting

Because of this, the flame smelting conditions (autogenous or with the use of extra fuel) are important. In the oxidation of sulphides, the relevant desulphurization reactions (PbS, ZnS, FeS), Aat are also major contributors of heat, are of the type ... 

The focus of this section is the emission of ultraviolet and visible radiation following thermal or electrical excitation of atoms. Atomic emission spectroscopy has a long history. Qualitative applications based on the color of flames were used in the smelting of ores as early as 1550 and were more fully developed around 1830 with the observation of atomic spectra generated by flame emission and spark emission.Quantitative applications based on the atomic emission from electrical sparks were developed by Norman Lockyer (1836-1920) in the early 1870s, and quantitative applications based on flame emission were pioneered by IT. G. Lunde-gardh in 1930. Atomic emission based on emission from a plasma was introduced in 1964. 

Perceptions are what our five senses tell us. The problem with perceptions is that they often will fool us into drawing a conclusion that is not factual. For example, if you think you see a fire your perceptions trick you into smelling smoke. A case in point, light refractions are often misinterpreted as flames flickering, thus smoke is smelt, and heat is even sometimes felt by the observer. Here it is important to understand that we don t always see what we thought we saw, hear what we thought we heard, etc. 

Most enamels melt at ca. 1250°C. Only a few difficult to melt frits require temperatures of ca. 1350°C. The raw materials are smelted, but not, as in glass manufacture, refined. Fig. 5.4-1. schematically. shows the construction of drum and flame-heated tank furnaces. 

Characteristic colours of fumes (flames), as described by Agricola in 1550, were used to "control" the process of smelting of ores. Talbot (1826) and Wheatstone (1835) reported that the colours of flame and spark induced... 

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