First-stage decomposition

Under BW temperature conditions, this first-stage decomposition reaction proceeds to 100% completion, producing carbonate alkalinity and carbon dioxide. Thus, 1 ppm of bicarbonate initially produces 0.44 ppm of carbon dioxide. 

The mass loss of the first-stage decomposition of the AP particles with 10% LiF is 56.7 %, and that of the second-stage decomposition is 28.5 %. The residue remaining above 790 K is 14.8%. As shown in Fig. 7.26, the two-stage decomposition process can be summarized as follows [i5]... 

Chitin-g-poly(2-methyl-oxazoline/ PVC blends Py-MS, Py-GC First stage decomposition at 200 °C, third stage at 430-480 °C [67]... 

Figure 6.7 presents TGA curves of polyurethane, cellulose, lignin and composites reinforced with cellulose and lignin. The decomposition of the polyurethane takes place in one step, while the composites decompose in two steps. In the first stage, decomposition occurs after the decomposition of the fiber and matrix alone. The small weight loss up to 100°C is related to the moisture content of the material. Above this temperature, some water molecules that are tightly bound to the fibers become volatile [21]. Thus, reinforcement decreases the thermal stability of the composite. 

The double heating method is suggested as an improvement of the continuous method. By the continuous method, the determined value for rubber is lower and that for carbon black is higher than the real values. Using the double heating method, it becomes possible to distinguish between mass losses due to oxidation of the polymeric residue after the first stage decomposition and those due to oxidation of the carbon black. 

The cases of pentamethylbenzene and anthracene reacting with nitronium tetrafluoroborate in sulpholan were mentioned above. Each compound forms a stable intermediate very rapidly, and the intermediate then decomposes slowly. It seems that here we have cases where the first stage of the two-step process is very rapid (reaction may even be occurring upon encounter), but the second stages are slow either because of steric factors or because of the feeble basicity of the solvent. The course of the subsequent slow decomposition of the intermediate from pentamethylbenzene is not yet fully understood, but it gives only a poor yield of pentamethylnitrobenzene. The intermediate from anthracene decomposes at a measurable speed to 9-nitroanthracene and the observations are compatible with a two-step mechanism in which k i k E and i[N02" ] > / i. There is a kinetic isotope effect (table 6.1), its value for the reaction in acetonitrile being near to the... 

The enthalpy of decomposition has been determined to be approximately 10 kJ/mol (2.4 kcal/mol) of KMnO (105). The decomposition has been shown to occur ia two stages. In the first stage essentially all of the KMnO decomposes iato K2(Mn0 2 5-Mn02 accompanied by the release of oxygen in... 

Selected-decomposition monitoring An MS-MS scan in which the first stage of mass spectrometry is set to transmit a selected ion and the second to transmit only a selected product ion. This technique increases the selectivity of the analysis. 

Silva, G. S., A. G. Souza, J. R. Botelho et al. 2007. Kinetics study of norbixin s first stage thermal decomposition, using dynamic method../. Thermal Anal. Calorim. 87 871-874. 

One of the most remarkable attributes of Pechini-type routines is the behaviour of precursor resins (gels) upon heating. On the first stage of thermal decomposition of samples, being dried at approx. 120°C, they decompose forming very porous and voluminous sponge-cake-like materials [6], Probably, just at this temperature, a highly porous intermediate is... 

The staircase matrix structure of the 2S-MILP (see Figure 9.9) is exploited by 2S-MILP-specific decomposition based algorithms [9,10], The constraint matrix of the 2S-MILP consists of 12 subproblems Wm that are tied together by the first-stage variables x and the corresponding matrix column [ATj. .. Th]r. The main steps of decomposition based algorithms for 2S-MILPs are ... 

Basically, there are two different ways to decompose a 2S-MILP (see Figure 9.10). The scenario decomposition separates the 2S-MILP by the constraints associated to a scenario, whereas the stage decomposition separates the variables into first-stage and second-stage decisions. For both approaches, the resulting subproblems are MILPs which can be solved by standard optimization software. 

The main idea of stage decomposition (see Figure 9.10) is to remove the ties between the scenario subproblems of the 2S-MILP by fixing the first-stage variables. The 2S-MILP is written in its intensive form [9], where the resulting master problem is... 

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