First-generation biofuels derivation

The first-generation biofuels can be identified as ethanol, which was produced via the alcoholic fermentation of cereals, and hio-oil or biodiesel, which was extracted from seeds such as sunflower, rapeseed, or palm. The use of cereals and sunflowers was rejected by public opinion and some scientific environments, because their use for energy production conflicted with their use as foodstuffs. In fact, the diversion of cereals to the production of ethanol for transport has led to a rise in the price of flour and derived goods, especially in Mexico. The same situation has arisen for some bio-oils, such that the source was shifted to palm-oil which, essentially, is produced in Asian countries such as Malaysia. 

Second-generation biofuels are so named due to they being developed after the first-generation biofuels (such as biodiesel), which are those derived from conventional feedstocks.First-generation biofuels are not ideal they compete with the food cycle and require a significant amount... 

Recently, a novel microbial fuel cell harvesting energy from the marine sediment—seawater interface has been reported. Also, a novel photosynthetic biofuel cell that is a hybrid between a microbial and enzymatic biofuel cell has been reported for the very first time. More recently, reports of an unconventional biomass-fueled ceramic fuel cell can also be found in the literature. A new concept of Gastrobots —hybrid robots that utilize operational power derived from microbial fuel cells—has been introduced. Finally, the generation of electrical power by direct oxidation of glucose was demonstrated in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, which produced currents up to 3 fiA/cm at unknown cell voltage. ... 

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