Finite Element of Concrete Modelling

A number of modelling methods are available for simulation into the finite element method. On impact and explosion work, methods such as the edochro-nic, Ottoson and Blunt crack have been widely used. They are covered in this section. The bulk modulus model of Table 3.9 is reviewed to include cracking with and without aggregate interlocking. On the basis of the endochronic concept, which is widely reported the following equations apply  

Stresses T( t checked against the cracking criteria. For example, if there is one crack normal to the A-direction, the concrete can no longer resist any tensile stress in that direction, then 

In a similar manner, examples for shear terms can be written as 

Curves have been plotted showing a decrease in the value of when a crack opening linearly increases at increasing shear. A constitutive law in which a confinement stress within the rough crack model is given by 

For different types of crack dilatancy n/ nt ( 8- he tangent shear modulus G is plotted against the ratio r of the crack displacement. The value of is given by 

---