Chemical Finishing

R. W. Murray and J. E. HiUis, "Magnesium Finishing Chemical Treatment and Coating Practices," Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress and Exposition, Paper 900791, Detroit, Mich., 1990. 

Originally confined to the shipment of crude raw materials and fuels, the term transportation of bulk sohds now apphes also to manufactured produc ts, which often become raw materials for other industries. In recent years, increasing tonnages of highly processed, finished chemical products have moved to customers in large bulk units. A useful definition of a bulk shipment is any unit greater than 2000 kg (4000 lb) or 2 m (70 fF). The containers available range from small portable hoppers of 2-m (70-fF) capacity to railroad cars of 255-m (9000-fF) capacity. 

Clothing - man-made fibres such as rayon and nylon, dyes, waterproofing and other surface finishing chemicals. 

Another special incentive is that of a free port. Usually this is applied for by a company together with a city and state. In a free port the raw materials have no import duty. This means the company can buy the feedstock abroad, process it, and then ship the products abroad without paying duty. However, if the product is sold to someone in the United States the import duty on the product must be paid. This is still frequently a good deal, since the tariff on finished chemicals is often less than that on raw materials. Also, because of inefficiencies, for each pound of raw materials there is less than a pound of salable product. 

Assessment of finished chemicals takes place too late. (Snbsequent) substance assessment has to be snpplemented by guiding principle-oriented development of (intrinsically safe) chemicals and/or guiding principle-oriented forms of their intrinsically safe nse. 

Value of aromatics-rich pyrolysis naphtha determined by value of its components as finished chemicals, and the costs incurred in treating and separation required to produce them from pyrolysis naphtha. Breakdown of pyrolysis naphtha is as follows ... 

Horrocks, A.R. 2003. Flame-retardant finishes and finishing, chemical testing of textiles, D.H. Heywood (Ed.), pp. 214—250. Bradford, U.K. Society of Dyers and Colourists. 

In the foam process, a concentrated solution of the finishing chemicals compounded with suitable foaming agents and, If necessary, foam stabilizers Is mechanically foamed so as to Incorporate by volume 50 to 95% air, This foam, having an appearance quite similar to shaving cream, Is applied to the fabric. The foam-coated fabric Is then subjected to a mechanical pressure which collapses the foam. The fabric Is then dried and cured In the conventional manner. 

The degree to which the water of a finishing or dyeing formulation can be replaced by air Is limited only by the amount of water required to produce a reasonably stable dispersion of the finishing chemicals and for celluloslc fabrics that amount of water required to svell the fibers. As much as 65% of the water has been removed from typical durable press finishes,... 

In continuous foam finishing, a concentrated solution containing the finishing chemicals and a suitable foaming System Is mechanically foamed and the precise quantity of foam Is applied to the fabric. 

Make an analysis of various means of transportation available at Chicago, IL, Houston, TX, and Denver, CO. Use this analysis to determine what form of transportation should be recommended from these three locations for the shipment of the following finished chemical products ... 

Since destination of the chemical product can greatly affect the mode of transportation recommended, consider various destinations in this analysis, e.g., coastal location, river location, mountain location, etc. What approximate cost would have to be added to each shipment of finished chemical products as shipping charges in the above analysis ... 

In most cases a defined chemical add-on is desired. In order to determine the pad solution or emulsion concentration of the finishing chemicals, an effective percentage wet pickup, wpu j, is calculated from Equation 2.8 ... 

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