Figures and diagrams

For permission to reproduce, in whole or in part, certain figures and diagrams we are grateful to the following publishers American Chemical Society, North-Holland Publishing Company and JEOL Ltd. 

Finally I would like to express my thanks to all editors and authors who have granted their permission to reproduce the figures and diagrams reprinted from their work. 

Above Arab symboBc figures and diagrams of stills (on the right) from a 12th-century Arab text on alchemy. In gener the Arab alchemists were less secretive about their discoveries, and the Arab manuscripts are less shrouded in complicated symbolism than the later European chemical works. 

I am indebted to my mentor Mark Nelson who provided many insights to this chapter. I am thankful to my students from the lab, Sean Brown and Whitney KeUett, for their invaluable help. I am also grateful to Whitney for drawing most of the original figures and diagrams. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Jennifer Schnellmann, who helped with reviewing the final version of the chapter. 

Throughout each chapter, boxes titled Chemistry Link to Health, Chemistry Link to History, Chemistry Link to Industry, and Chemistry Link to the Environment help you connect the chemical concepts you are learning to real-life situations. Many of the figures and diagrams use macro-to-micro illustrations to depict the atomic level of... 

The authors thank lie Pan for providing the original photograph for Figure 2. We also thank Mike Starr for preparation of figures and diagram (Fig. 14). This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP 12742 and MGP 15270) to EC and HY, and The Wellcome Trust and British Heart Foundation to PJK and CP. 

The area under a parabolic arc concave upward is bh, where b is the base of the figure and h is its height. The area of a parabolic arc concave downward is jh/t. The areas of parts of the figure diagrammed for Simpson s rule integration are shown in Fig. 1-3. The area A under the parabolic arc in Fig. 1-3 is given by the sum of four terms ... 

Figure 7 Diagram of the feedback loop involving climate and planktonic production of DMS. The ( + ) under biological production of DMS in the ocean indicates the uncertainty in the direction of the net feedback loop (Taken from Bigg," with permission of Cambridge University Press)...

The thermal efficiency, the work output as a fraction of the fuel exergy (the maximum reversible work), is shown as no. 1 in the figure and is 0.368. The internal irreversibility terms, are shown as nos. 2, 3, and 4 in the diagram, for the combustion... 

Figure 5. Diagram giving the relative stability of the various atomic configurations shown in Fig. 4 as a function of the d band-filling Nj- From the second to the fifth line relative stability of the F and N sites for the monomer, dimer, A trimer and B trimer. On the sixth and seventh lines relative stability of A and B triangles at N and F sites. The relative stability of HCP and FCC bulk phases is given for comparison in the first line.

Figure 6-1. Basic ejector components and diagram of energy conversion in nozzle and diffuser. By permission, Ingersoll-Rand Co.

Active Figure 13.20 A tree diagram for the C2 proton of frans-cinnamaldehyde shows how it is coupled to the C1 and C3 protons with different coupling constants. Sign in at www.thomsonedu.com to see a simulation based on this figure and to take a short quiz. 

G-protein-coupled Receptors. Figure 2 Diagram illustrating the binding sites for different families of hormones and neurotransmitters on their receptors. 

Figure 25. Diagram for critical potential measurement79 The sweep rate it 4 x 10-3 V s"1. [Nicy = 100 mol nf [NaCl] = 0.1 mol nf3. T= 300 K. (From R. Aogaki, E. Yamamoto, and M. Asanuma, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142, 2964, 1995, Fig. 2. Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

The water molecule possesses two mirror planes of symmetry, as shown in Fig. 6-3. One mirror plane lies in the plane of the diagram through which the whole molecule reflects into itself across the plane. The other, through the oxygen nucleus in the yz plane of the figure, and shown by the dotted line, reflects Ha into Hb and vice versa. 

Figure 2. Diagram of the atomic Sagnac interferometer at Yale (Gustavson et al., 2000). Individual signals from the outputs of the two interferometers (gray lines), and difference of the two signals corresponding to a pure rotation signal (black line) versus rotation rate.

Figure 1. Diagram of the venom duct of Conus. The venom is produced in the venom duct, apparently expelled from the duct into the proboscis by contraction of the venom bulb. Simultaneously, a harpoon-like tooth is transferred from the radula sac to the proboscis. When injection takes place, the venom is pushed through the hollow tooth and flows into the prey through a hole at the tip of the tooth. Typically, fish-hunting cones will strike at a fish only once and grasp the tooth after injection has occurred, effectively harpooning their prey while injecting the paralytic venom. In contrast, snail-hunting cones will usually sting their prey several times before total paralysis occurs. (Reprinted with permission from the Second Revised Edition of Ref. 8. Copyright 1988 Darwin Press, Inc.)...

Figure 2. Diagram depicting interprocessor communication in the case of wrapped distribution of K states with two per processor. The figure illustrates 7=15, odd parity. The eight processors are labeled i = 0,1..., 7 and the corresponding K states that they contain to the right of each i. Arrows indicate communication between processors for each of the K states.

Figure 6. Diagram showing how the winding number n of the Feynman paths should be defined with respect to the cut line. In (a), the cut line (chains) is placed between (() = — and 2n — in (b), between (() = ti/4 and —In/A. In (c), the wave function describes a unimolecular reaction, in which the initial state occupies the (gray shaded) area shown. Feynman paths originate from all points within this area (inset) their winding number n is defined with respect to the common cut line.

Figure 12. Diagram illustrating the difference between nearside scattering into positive deflection angles 0, and farside scattering into negative . The arrow (chains) represents the initial approach direction of the reagents in center-of-mass frame the gray rectangle represents the spread of impact parameters in the initial plane wave. Most of the 1-TS paths scatter into positive , and most of the 2-TS paths into negative 0.

Figure 52. Diagram of CHD/HT photochemical interconversion. The MRSDCI, MRSCI, and MCQDPT energies are relative values from those of the ground-state CHD. Transition dipole moments and equilibrium geometries are also shown. Taken from Ref. [139].

Figure 2 Diagram of Hydrilla verticillata showing location from which apical meristens ("apical explants and "two-node" explants were excised.

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