Field factor, electromagnetic

When a molecule is subjected to an electromagnetic-wave, an electric dipole md is induced which can be expressed as a power series of the inducing local electric field/ E (/is the so called local field factor [7])... 

MW frequency of 10 Hz. There are various considerations that influence the choice of the radiation frequency. Higher frequencies, which require higher magnetic fields, give inlierently greater sensitivity by virtue of a more favourable Boltzmaim factor (see equation (b 1.15.11)). However, several factors place limits on the frequency employed, so that frequencies in the MW region of the electromagnetic spectrum remain favoured. One limitation is the sample size at frequencies around 40 GHz the dimensions of a typical... 

It should be stressed, however, that the introduction of the operator 2(k) in the present context is purely for mathematical convenience. All the subsequent development could also be carried out without its introduction. It is only when we consider the interaction of the quantized electromagnetic field with charged particles that the potentials assume new importance—at least in the usual formulation with its particular way of fixing the phase factors in the operators of the charged fields—since the potentials themselves then appear in the equations of motion of the interacting electromagnetic and matter fields. 

Nishitani et al. observed the tip-enhanced fluorescence of 8 nm thick meso-tetralds (3,5-di-tertiarybutyl-phenyl)porphyrin (H2TBPP) films on ITO with an Ag tip [38]. They reported that the fluorescence was enhanced by the locally confined electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the tip. The enhancement factor is evaluated to be larger than 2000. 

According to the electromagnetic simulation, the enhancement factor of the electric field can be as high as a few thousand under some conditions, and... 

To obtain a clear understanding of electrodynamic bonding, start with the field of a static electric dipole. Then, let the dipole oscillate so it emits electromagnetic waves (photons). Consider what happens when the emitted field envelopes another dipole (London, 1937). Finally, determine the factors that convert neutral molecules into dipoles (that is, their polarizabilities). 

The relativistic invariance of the electromagnetic field is conveniently expressed in tensor notation. Factorized in Minkowski space the Maxwell equa-... 

The allowed transition in ESR is diagrammed in Figure 2. The ESR experiment is commonly conducted at a fixed frequency near 9.5 x 109 Hz by scanning through a magnetic field range until absorption of electromagnetic radiation is detected at H0. The value of H0 can then be used to calculate the electron g-factor. 

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