Ferromagnetism proposal

Zener appears to have been the first to consider this problem to some depth in his theoretical work on ferromagnetic crystals of the type l.a. Ca.MnO, (Zener 1951). For x = 0 one has LainMnin03 but for x > 0 some of the Mn will be 4+, and so we have the structure I. a " / a " Mn "(Mn CL in which some Mn-Mn pairs will be mixed valence, that is, MiF Mnj) or MnJ) Mn . Mnm is 3d4 (S = 2) and MnIV is 3d3 (S = 3/2), and Zener proposed that the excess electron (also called itinerant electron or Zener electron) on Mn111 can travel to the MnIV via a doubly-occupied p-orbital of... 

Following the idea of McConnell [44] who proposed in 1967 that a stacking arrangement such as.., D+ A D+ A D+ A-... of donor and acceptor could lead to molecule-based magnets, the combination between metal bis-dithiolene complexes and metalloceniums was performed originally only to promote cooperative ferromagnetic interactions [45]. 

For surface coherent phonons of ferromagnetic metals, a spin-driven generation mechanism was proposed, as will be described in Sect. 2.6. 

For a ferromagnet the order parameter is the magnetization, while for antiferromagnets it is the sublattice magnetization. For spin glasses the magnetization is zero at all temperatures, and an appropriate order parameter was proposed by Edwards and Anderson [78] as the average value of the autocorrelation function... 

Fig. 16 (a) Phase diagram of K-(hg-ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl determined from conductivity and magnetic measurements [213, 217, 218], N1-N4 nonmetallic phase, M metallic phase, RN reentrant nonmetallic phase, I-SC-I, II incomplete superconducting phase, S-SC complete superconducting phase. N2 shows the low-dimensional AF fluctuation. N3 shows growth of three-dimensional AF ordered phase. N4 weak ferromagnetic phase, (b) Proposed phase diagram [211, 212]... 

In 2009 Schoonus et al. proposed a model to support experimental evidence for sequential tunneling in Alq3 junctions [59]. A schematic depiction of an Alq3 molecule in a junction between two ferromagnetic electrodes is shown in Fig. 15. The model assumes that, as the total Alqs layer thickness (d) increases, the total tunneling current (I) is the sum of a direct current (/direct) and a two-step current... 

Fig. 4. Proposed temperature-pressure phase diagram of iron (after Saxena and Littlewood 2001) with the ferromagnetic body-centered cubic (bcc) phase, the paramagnetic face-centered cubic phase (fee) and the...

Fig. 35. Magnetic-field-vs.-temperature magnetic phase diagram for TbNi2B2C proposed by Cho et al. (1996a). AF antiferromagnetic WF weakly ferromagnetic. The nature of the intermediate ordered state is not yet...

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