Ferromagnetism hysteresis loops

Escobar, M. A., Magana, L. F. Valenzuela, R. (1983). Analytical prediction of the magnetization curve and the ferromagnetic hysteresis loop. Journal of Applied Physics, 54, 5935-40. 

The instrumentation required to measure the hysteresis loop of a ferromagnetic surface with MOKE can be very simple. Figure 4a shows one such implementation of the experimental setup for analysis of ultrathin film samples maintained in a... 

Bean, C.P. (1955) Hysteresis loops of mixtures of ferromagnetic micropowders. Journal of Applied Physics, 26 (11), 1381-1383. 

Figure 6.54 A hysteresis loop for a ferromagnetic materials. From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering. Copyright 1976 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission John Wiley Sons, Inc.

If it is possible to reorient the spontaneous polarization of a material between crystal-lographically equivalent configurations by an external electric field, then in analogy to ferromagnetics one speaks about ferroelectrics. Thus, it is not the existence of spontaneous polarization alone, but the switchability by an external field which defines a ferroelectric material. Figure 1.2 displays a characteristic hysteresis loop occurring during the reversal of the polarization in a ferroelectric. 

Disordered low-dimensional C60 polymers also show interesting magnetic properties. In particular, Makarova et al. [16] reported that rhombohedral C60 polymerized at high temperatures near 6 GPa showed signs of weak ferromagnetism (nonlinear susceptibility and magnetic hysteresis loops, as shown in Fig. 16) at temperatures well exceeding room temperature. This has been verified... 

Figure 14. Hysteresis loops for 2 GdRu2-CeRu2 alloys showing (a) superconductivity and ferromagnetism, (b) superconductivity alone (4)...

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