Fatty infiltration

Choline was isolated from ox bile in 1849 by Strecker. During 1900 to 1920, observations led to interest in the vasodepressor properties of the esters of choline, and in the 1920s it was shown that acetylcholine was presumably the "vagus-substance." The nutritional importance of choline was recognized in the 1930s, when it was found that choline would prevent fatty infiltration of the Hver in rats. Subsequent observations showed that choline deficiency could produce cirrhosis (1) or hemorrhagic kidneys (2) in experimental animals under various conditions. 

Fatty infiltration of the Hver has been observed to precede cirrhosis in experimental animals receiving diets low in choline and other substances that can furnish labile methyl groups, and can thus serve as precursors of choline. 

Diseases associated with impairment of fatty acid oxidation lead to hypoglycemia, fatty infiltration of organs, and hypoketonemia. 

Fatty infiltration of the liver. In this pathology, the triglyceride concentration in the liver is 10-fold superior to the norm. The accumulation of fat in the cyto-plasm of hepatic cells leads to an impaired liver function. The causes of this pathol-ogy are numerous one of these may be a deficiency in lipotropic factors and the associated therewith synthesis of excess triglycerides. 

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) deficiency is distinctly rare and even more devastating clinically than deficiencies of glucose-6-phosphatase or fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. PEPCK activity is almost equally distributed between a cytosolic form and a mitochondrial form. These two forms have similar molecular weights but differ by their kinetic and immunochemical properties. The cytosolic activity is responsive to fasting and various hormonal stimuli. Hypoglycemia is severe and intractable in the absence of PEPCK [12]. A young child with cytosolic PEPCK deficiency had severe cerebral atrophy, optic atrophy and fatty infiltration of liver and kidney. 

F (increases in alkaline phosphatase(48%), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (82%) glutamate pyruvate transaminase (55%), isocitrate dehydrogenase (65%), cholesterol (27%-35%), and soluble proteins (35%) decreases in free amino acids (34-40%) and glucose (41-51%) vacuolization fatty infiltration)... 

M (panlobular cytoplasmic vacuolation with loss of basophilia, fatty infiltration, anisokaryosis... 

In the drinking water of rats, 137 and 165mg/l /day of chlorodibromomethane for 90 days produced mild toxicity in the liver the observed vacuolar changes due to fatty infiltration were reversible after a 90-day recovery period." ... 

Rabbits died from exposure to 5000 ppm for 3 hours, but 10,000 ppm for 1 hour was not lethal. Effects were conjunctival irritation, lacrimation, slow respiration with some rales, incoordination, ataxia, and weakness. Autopsy of animals exposed to lethal concentrations revealed severe fatty infiltration of the liver and moderate kidney damage. ... 

Fatty infiltration with cerebral oedema (Reye s syndrome) Aspirin... 

A number of organs are affected adversely by chronic ethanol use, the result of a direct cytotoxic action. Hepatic fatty infiltration and cirrhosis are common... 

Adverse gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, metallic taste, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea) occur in up to 20% of individuals taking metformin this can be minimized by starting at a low dose and slowly titrating the dose upward with food. Like phenformin, metformin can cause lactic acidosis, but its occurrence is rare except when renal failure, hypoxemia, or severe congestive heart failure is present or when coadministered with alcohol. Metformin is also contraindicated in persons with hepatic dysfunction, but it appears to be safe for use in the hepatic steatosis that often occurs with fatty infiltration of the liver in poorly controlled type II diabetics. 

F (48% increased relative, liver weight, fatty infiltration)... 

Chloroform is an anesthetic and solvent, which may be nephrotoxic and hepato toxic. It requires metabolic activation by cytochrome P-450, and male mice are more susceptible to the nephrotoxicity than females, which are more likely to suffer hepatic damage. The renal damage, proximal tubular necrosis, is accompanied by fatty infiltration. The metabolic activation, which may take place in the kidney, produces phosgene, which is reactive and can bind to critical proteins. 

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