Fatty acid ethyl ester

Borch-Jensen, C., Staby, A. and Mollerup, J. M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33 (1994) 1574-1579. Phase equilibria of urea-fractioned fish oil fatty acid ethyl esters and supercritical carbon dioxide. 

It, thus, appears that the capacity to catalyze reactions of transesterification and esterification is a characteristic of various hydrolases (Chapt. 3). Apart from the carboxylesterases discussed here, lipoprotein lipase has the capacity to synthesize fatty acid ethyl esters from ethanol and triglycerides, or even fatty acids [127]. Ethanol, 2-chloroethanol, and other primary alcohols serve to esterify endogenous fatty acids and a number of xenobiotic acids [128-130]. In this context, it is interesting to note that the same human liver carboxylesterase was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of cocaine to benzoylecgonine, the transesterification of cocaine, and the ethyl esterification of fatty acids [131]. 

T. Tsujita, H. Okuda, Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester-Synthetizing Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase from Rat Postheparin Plasma , J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 5884-5889. 

A. M. Heith, C. R. Morse, T. Tsujita, S. A. Volpacelli, J. G. Flood, M. Laposata, Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Synthase Catalyzes the Esterification of Ethanol to Cocaine , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995, 208, 549 - 554. 

A novel method for production of paraffinic hydrocarbons, suitable as diesel fuel, from renewable resources was illustrated. The fatty acid ethyl ester, ethyl stearate, was successfully converted with high catalyst activity and high selectivity towards formation of the desired product, heptadecane. Investigation of the impact of catalyst reduction showed that the reduction pretreatment had a beneficial effect on the formation of desired diesel compound. The non-pretreated catalyst dehydrogenated ethyl stearate to ethyl oleate. The experiments at different reaction temperatures, depicted that conversion of ethyl stearate was strongly dependent on reaction temperature with Eact=69 kj/mole, while product selectivities were almost constant. Complete conversion of ethyl stearate and very high selectivity towards desired product (95%) were achieved at 360°C. 

Ester synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester. The lipase-catalyzed esterification of fatty acid and alcohol is well-known. It was also favorable for the esterification of poly unsaturated fatty acids under mild conditions with the enzyme. However, the activity of native lipase is lower in polar organic solvents, i.e. ethanol and methanol. The synthesis of Ae fatty acid ethyl ester was carried out in ethanol using the palmitic acid-modified lipase. As shown in Figure 7, the reactivity of the modified lipase in this system was much higher than that of the unmoditied lipase. 

Fatty acid ethyl esters Average Strong X... 

The esters were eluted with acetonitrile/THF/water (466 233 300) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Following the transesterification and urea crystallization steps, the concentrated ethyl esters were dissolved (1 mg//zl total fatty acid ethyl esters) in peroxide-free THF containing 0.005% BHT as an antioxidant and injected into the chromatograph. 

Fig. 19 RP-HPLC of ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from sardine oil. Identified fatty acid ethyl esters in order of their elution 1. C20 5w3 2. 04 0 3. C16 lw7 4. C22 6w3 5. C18 2w6 6. 06 0 7. C18 lw9.

Reciprocal plot of temperature vs. number of chain carbons for the (a) paraffins, (b) fatty acid ethyl esters, (c) 1-alcohols, and (d) iso-alkyl acids. The intercept represents the convergence temperature. 

Mestres, M., M.P. Marti, O. Busto, et al., 2000. Headspace solid phase microextraction of higher fatty acid ethyl esters in white rum aroma. J. Chromatogr. A 881 583-590. 

In order to obtain a deep characterization and differentiation of Madeira wines according to main grape varieties (Camara et ah, 2006a,b,c), multivariate analysis was applied to varietal, prefermentative, and fermentative data on terpenoids, Ce alcohols, higher alcohols, fatty acids, ethyl esters, and carbonyl compounds. The results showed that Malvasia wines had the... 

Lipases have also been used in hyphenated extraction-reaction routes to deriving natural oils using two high-pressure units in series. Canola oil was extracted from canola flakes and fatty acid ethyl esters synthesised using an immobilised enzyme (Lipozyme M) (Kondo et al, 2002). It was clear that each unit in this process, whether reaction or extraction, needed to be run under its own optimum conditions. 

Blends with Petrodiesel Cold flow properties of FAME and fatty acid ethyl esters of various feedstocks in blends with petrodiesel are summa-... 

Shimada, Y., Maruyama, K., Sugihara, A., Baba T., Komemushi, S., Moriyama, S., and Tominaga, Y. 1998. Purification of ethyl docosahexaenoate by selective alcoholysis of fatty acid ethyl esters with immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75,1565-1571. 

The overall content of tri-, di- and monoglycerides and fatty acid ethyl esters, was determined by a method previously described [7]. 

Separation of Multicomponent Mixtures of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters from Fishoil by Countercurrent SFE... 

This paper demonstrates the purification of fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEE, due to their chain length. 

Saerens, S.M.G, Verstappen, K.J., Van Laere, S.D.M., Voet, A.R.D.Van Dijck, R, Delvaux, ER. Thevelein, J.M. (2006). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae EHTl and EEBl genes encode novel enzymes with medium-chain fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis and hydrolysis capacity. J. Biol Chem., 281, 4446-4456. 

Acetate esters Fatty acid ethyl esters Branched chain ethyl esters A Flowery, fruity, estery Yes Yes... 

Esters, not fusel alcohols, actually comprise the most abundant group of volatile compounds in wines Rapp (26) has listed over 300 esters and lactones found in grapes, musts and wines. The esters are largely responsible for the fmity aromas associated with wine (52), especially young wine (27). Of the esters, ethyl acetate predominates by some two orders of magnitude (see 40) however, the low aroma thresholds of a number of the fatty acid ethyl esters makes them of sensory import nonetheless (27). 

At about the same time, the Charleston Laboratory of the U.S. National Marine Eisheries Service prepared menhaden oil omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester concentrates on a large scale for participants in projects funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Their flow chart. Eigure 13, combined development work also carried out at the Seattle and Gloucester Laboratories, much of it recorded in the book by M.E. Stansby (26). The final process adopted includes urea complexing of ethyl esters in a total of seven stages, viz ... 

There is no real reason for concentrations of mixed omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters to be provided when the estimated need in oral supplement form is approximately 1 g per day for adults. This supplement can be provided by several capsules of any suitable oil taken with meals. However, the food industry requirement is for oils that are microencapsulated powders. These powders have to be provided with stable, yet digestible, shells and in a suitable powder format to be unnoticed in the food and yet carry a significant proportion of mass as the marine oil or omega-3 concentrates. A capacity of about 50-50% oil is acceptable, and a target of 70-80% content is being sought. Eventually, concentrates will boost delivery of EPA and DHA. 

The choice of solvent for chromatographic separation of fatty acid esters depends on the desired purity of the eluted fractions and their end use as well as production requirements. Tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water (25 55 20, v/v/v) (41) and methanol/ water (90 10, v/v) (42) have been described to yield EPA and DHA with high purity (75-96%) as fatty acid ethyl esters from fish oil. Krzynowek et al. (43) obtained higher purity fractions of EPA and DHA using the tetrahydrofuran (THE) system of Tokiwa et al. (41). However, THE oxidizes readily yielding peroxides that initiate oxidative decomposition of PUEA and is potentially explosive. Ethanol and water would be the solvents of choice if the end product is to be consumed by humans. 

Teramoto M, Matsuyama H, and Ohnishi N. Uphill transport of polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters through liquid membranes containing silver nitrate as a carrier. In Shallcross DC, Paimin R, and Prvcic LM Eds. Proceedings of the ISEC 96 Value Adding through Solvent Extraction. Publisher University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 1996 2 917-922. 

Nakano K, Kato S, Noritomi H, and Nagahama K. Extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters from sardine oil using Ag -containing O/W/O emulsion bquid membranes. J Membr Sci 1996 110 219-227. 

As for adult urine, cocaethylene may be detected in meconium, and its presence indicates maternal use of ethanol and cocaine (see section on Cocaine). Significant alcohol use during pregnancy may be indicated by measurement of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium. ... 

Moore C, Jones J, Lewis D, Buchi K, Prevalence of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium specimens. Clin Chem 2003 49 133-6. 

A. Laposata M. Fatty acid ethyl esters Short-term and long-term serum markers of ethanol intake, Clin Chem 1997 43 1527-34. 

Fish oil fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE)... 

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