Fabrication of biomimetic phosphate nanocomposites

As for the organic carrier in the biomimetic nanocomposites, electrospinning is a method that is very often used to generate nanofibers of organic polymers [71]. Briefly, fibers are generated by dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent which is then loaded in 

In this technique, not only pure polymers can be electrospun, but also polymers in combination with nanoparticles, as realized for example with PLGA and HA nanoparticles [61,72]. Moreover, surfactants can be added to the nanoparticle-polymer-solvent mixture to facilitate the dissolution process and overcome the different polarities of hydrophilic nanoparticles snch as HA and the hydrophobic polymer-solvent solutions such as chloroform-dissolved PLA [55]. 

Immersion, soaking or (alternatively) dipping accompanied with subsequent precipitation is one of the simplest methods to incorporate calcium phosphate compounds into organic carriers and is therefore widely used and reported. In contrast, chemical synthesis of polymers that mimic natural processes such as HA nucleation or phos-phatation are rather seldom reported because large chemical background knowledge as well as a special equipment are needed. 

From a structure and architecture point of view, discrete 3D architectures are achieved by plotting and prototyping, whereas electrospinning, freeze-casting and also chemical synthesis provide materials that have to be further processed to get the desired final architecture for the implant device. 

ALP Alkatine phosphatase ASCs Adipose-derived stem ceUs BCP Diphasic calcium phosphate 

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