Extended mode

The main models are described in a review by Vrhovski and Weiss [8]. For ideal elastomers in the extended mode, all the energy resides on the backbone and can therefore be recovered upon relaxation [18]. Generally, it is believed that the mechanism of elasticity is entropy-driven, thus the stretching decreases the entropy of the system and the recoil is then induced by a spontaneous return to the maximal level of entropy [8]. 

Simulation of the Glass Transition in Polymer Melts Extended Mode-Coupling Analysis. 

Customarily, consciousness acts as a reducing valve on the amount of information permitted into awareness, but the drug disturbs this function, and the subject s thought processes are swamped with an "information overload." Ideation becomes so rapid and extended as to be more aptly described as intuition. What would normally be regarded as overinclusiveness of concepts becomes in the psychedelic experience the basis for remarkably speeded, enriched, and extended modes of ideation. In psychotomimetic reactions, however, the overgeneralization disrupts thought processes and produces intense confusion and bewilderment. 

F8 W Activate/deactivate Extend mode (then use arrow keys) Activate/deactivate Extend mode (then use arrow keys)... 

The first two terms arise from modes that are extended over the protein. In proteins the size of cytochrome c, myoglobin, and GFP, which range, respectively, from 103 to 228 amino acids, almost all extended modes are fracton modes. The number of phonon modes in proteins of this size is very small, only 24 modes from 4 to 13 cm 1 for GFP, the largest of the three proteins. We cannot isolate the dynamics of a wave packet in terms of just these modes for an object this small. Thus, the contribution of extended modes to thermal conduction in proteins arises almost entirely from delocalized fractons. We give an expression for this contribution below. 

To calculate the frequency-dependent energy diffusion coefficient, we begin with the normal modes of the protein. In this case, D(oo) can only be defined for the extended modes, where co < 150 cm-1, in which case... 

Kh is plotted in Fig. 18a as a dashed curve for temperatures from 20 K to 320 K. This is the thermal conductivity of myoglobin in the harmonic limit, where only extended modes contribute to heat flow. We observe that K/, increases with T until T k 100 K, at which point it begins to saturate, increasing with T only slowly in approaching its limiting value of about 1.1 mW cm-1 K 1. The thermal diffusivity in the harmonic limit is plotted in Fig. 18b as the dashed curve. Unlike the thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity does not appear to approach a limiting value in the harmonic limit, decreasing to about 7 A ps-1 by 300 K. 

In the energy region examined, there exist at least two modes. One is a localized mode (Boson peak mode) and the other is an extended mode (Debye mode). The decoupling of both modes is needed to understand which mode contributes to the decrease in G co) with thickness in the energy region below 10 meV. The contribution of the Debye mode in G(m) was evaluated from the Debye frequency cod and the contribution from the Boson peak mode was obtained by subtracting the Debye contribution from the total G(co) [45]. For the thin films, the Debye contributions were estimated assuming that the amplitude of Debye mode and Boson peak mode are independent of film thickness. The Debye contribution from bulk and thin films... 

Figure 16. Incoherent intermediate scattering function, (t), versus the logarithm of time (solid lines) for the temperatures T = 0.16,0.17,0.18,0.19,0.20,0.21 (temperature increases om right to left in the figure). The dashed lines are fits by the extended mode-coupling theory. Prom 40).

As mentioned in Sect. 3. 4, recent IXS experiments have revealed that there coexist the boson peak and an extended mode in the low energy region. This was observed in MD simulation of a vitreous silica model [61] and theoretically explained by a model proposed by Nakayama [62,70]. 

Eq. (1) gives a good general treatment of the mode dynamics in the array, particularly for modes, which are strongly localized over a small number of the domains in the array. For extended modes and modes which are localized, and slowly range over a large number of consecutive domains, Eq. (1) can be approximated by a continuum treatment by Taylor expansion. In this limit, expressed in dimensionless units, Eq. (1) yields a nonlinear K-G equation with a damping term [9, 13] as ... 

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