Exposure routes analysis discussion

Monte Carlo analysis is a specific probabilistic assessment method that can be used to characterize health risks and their likelihood of occurrence based on a wide range of parameters (Shade and Jayjock 1997). The U.S. EPA s Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) model allows for the quantification of exposures based on a probabilistic assessment of multiple exposure pathways and multiple routes of exposure (Mokhtari et al. 2006 US EPA 2003b). Additional applications of probabilistic techniques wiU be discussed in the section below on conducting an uncertainty analysis of reconstructed exposure values. 

Injection is not usually an important route of unintentional toxic exposure because chemists don t routinely use needles and syringes. However, some advanced techniques in chemical synthesis and analysis actually do involve the use of needles and syringes. Obviously, it is important to use this equipment with care to avoid an accidental stick. And, chemists conducting analyses in clinical, hospital, or toxicology laboratories working with infectious substances, such as blood or serum, must take extra care to avoid accidental injection. This topic will be discussed more in Section 4.3.2 regarding bloodbome pathogens and infectious materials. 

---