Experiments on Particle Model of Matter

In solid ice particles are solid, in water liquid In water the particles have the color blue Particles of water have no color at all Particles of water are moving in all three states Particles of water are not moving in ice crystals 

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Experiments on Particle Model of Matter E4.1 Growing of Alum Crystals... 

This book lays emphasis on the fundamental aspects of the chemical consequences of charged particle interactions with matter, particularly in the condensed phase. No details will be given about experimental apparatus or procedure, but results of experiments are discussed in relation to theoretical models. The role of the electron both as a radiation (primary and secondary) and as a reactant has been fully treated. Wherever necessary, physical theories have been discussed in detail with understanding of radiation-chemical experiments in view. 

This chapter introduces two important models. First, we see how experiments have led to our modern vision of the nature of matter and radiation. In the nineteenth century, scientists thought that matter consisted of particles and that radiation consisted of waves. Our modern model is quite different and has been forced on us by experiments showing that the earlier models are inadequate. Next, we see how experiments have led to a profound refinement of Dalton s model of an atom as an uncuttable sphere. 

The most perceptible experimental reason is the evident asymmetry of the Universe. The CP violation alone, on the level allowed by the Standard model, is not sufficient to explain the excess of matter in the Universe [18]. Finding a suitable extension of the Standard Model is not easy not only do the GUT theories tend to violate CPT invariance but they are also difficult to test. Specifically they can not be tested by means of the particle accelerator experiments, which so far have been very successful in extending our knowledge of Physics. This is because the GUT energy is some 1013 times larger than what we can now days produce in the most powerful accelerators. Consequently we must look for the low-energy manifestations of GUT and CPT invariance. Interestingly some possibilities for such tests lie within the realm of atomic and molecular physics. 

These experiences have been described in literature of chemistry education for decades [6]. Only in exceptional cases has the teaching of chemistry been completely altered due to this criticism [9]. Students are not only given the atoms and correlative atomic masses based on the Daltonic model with the Periodic System of the Elements (PSE), but also important ion types (see Fig. 5.10). This special Periodic System graphically depicts and clearly arranges atoms and Ions as basic particles of matter [9] (see Fig. 5.10). Both spherical models of atoms and ions correlate to their sizes as measured by physicists. Christen [10] uses a similar system in his book for introduction to chemistry. 

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