Experimental difference

As in tire one-fluid case, the experimental sums are in good agreement with the law of the rectilinear diameter, but the experimental differences fail to give a parabolic shape to tlie coexistence curve. 

Stimulated Raman spectroscopy is experimentally different from normal Raman spectroscopy in that the scattering is observed in the forward direction, emerging from the sample in the same direction as that of the emerging exciting radiation, or at a very small angle to it. 

Equation 22 gives the maximum theoretical obtainable chlorine dioxide from the disproportionation of HCIO,. Experimentally, differences in the stoichiometry have been reported. This is because the chloride formed in equation 21 can catalyze the reaction to form more chlorine dioxide as in equation 22. Proposed mechanisms for these reactions and the kinetics under various conditions have been described (16,108). 

Whilst comparisons of literature data are sometimes difficult to make as a result of experimental differences and marked solvent effects, several energy barriers (AG ) which reflect the different substituent effects are summarized in Table 1. 

The viscosities of non-haloaluminate ionic liquids are also affected by the identity of the organic cation. For ionic liquids with the same anion, the trend is that larger allcyl substituents on the imidazolium cation give rise to more viscous fluids. For instance, the non-haloaluminate ionic liquids composed of substituted imidazolium cations and the bis-trifyl imide anion exhibit increasing viscosity from [EMIM], [EEIM], [EMM(5)IM], [BEIM], [BMIM], [PMMIM], to [EMMIM] (Table 3.2-1). Were the size of the cations the sole criteria, the [BEIM] and [BMIM] cations from this series would appear to be transposed and the [EMMIM] would be expected much earlier in the series. Given the limited data set, potential problems with impurities, and experimental differences between laboratories, we are unable to propose an explanation for the observed disparities. 

The entropy discrepancy resulting from mixing the two different orientations of the dimer is 5 ft In 2 = 2.88 J-K -mol"1. The factor of results from the fact that only j mole of N2O2 is present. The experimental difference of 3.2 J-Kr -mol-1 is within experimental error of the expected value. 

It is clear that the nature of the electromagnetic phenomena is the same for optics and radio wave, the only experimental differences being that radiowave photons are far below the spectral density of noise of actual detectors and that the temperature of the source is such that each mode is statistically populated by many photons in the radio wave domain whereas the probability of presence of photons is very small in the optical domain. 

As usually viewed by the reference material producers, a fundamental philosophy of certification rests on the concept of independent methodology, which is the application of theoretically and experimentally different measurement techniques and procedures to generate concordant results leading to one reliable assigned value for the property. Such assigned values are thus method-independent. Extractable concentrations are generated by specific procedures and are thus method-dependent, an idea that has to be rationalized with the fundamental method-independent concept in reference material certification work. 

Experimentally, different structure- and surface-sensitive techniques such as in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), transition electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been... 

The primary experimental differences between the three techniques are in the beam energies and currents and in the physical scale of the apparatuses, as will be discussed below. 

The binding energy of the guanidinium ion is found to be higher by 2.9 kcals/mole than the one of the aminopyrrolidium ion. This difference agrees with the fact that netropsin binds better than anthelvencin to DNA but it is too small to account for the experimental difference in binding. 

It is also encouraging that the calculations reproduce the stereospecificity of the two enantiomers of Tla. Here the predicted binding free energy difference is 2.1 kcal/mol in favor of the 5-enantiomer while the experimental difference is roughly 1.4 kcal/mol. The structures of these... 

Their mobility may be increased by the simultaneous presence of organic solvents such as mineral oil. The half-life of TCDD in soil has been reported as 10-12 years, whereas photochemical degradation seems to be considerably faster but with a large variation that might be explained by experimental differences (solvents used, etc.). Highly chlorinated PCDD/PCDFs seem to be more resistant to degradation than those with just a few chlorine atoms. 

Fluoride Partial charges on each atom Calculated Experimental Difference... 

The electron self-exchange rate constants evaluated by the Marcus expressions (using cross-reaction data) and those determined experimentally differ in the following cases. Give possible reasons for these differences. 

A third experimental difference is the overall shape of the Au4/ core level peaks. The peaks in reference [47] were much more symmetric than ours. 

Since the third objective of this paper is to compare, theoretically and experimentally, different methods of measuring reactivities of hydrocarbons in autoxidation, the most pertinent work is reviewed below. 

Agencies or authorities such as ISO or lUPAC still do not provide any definition of ruggedness. In the chemical literature however, a ruggedness test was defined as [4,12] An intralaboratory experimental study in which the influence of small changes in the operating or environmental conditions on measured or calculated responses is evaluated. The changes introduced reflect the changes that can occur when a method is transferred between different laboratories, different experimentators, different devices, etc. . 

These values were compared with independent estimates of the °roor/ro ,ro values from thermochemical cycles, where data were available to evaluate them. In the case of di-cumyl peroxide, for example, the E° obtained experimentally differs from the result of a thermodynamic calculation by only 30 mV. It is of interest to note that the uncorrected a data would have led to °roor/rovro values only slightly negative to the corrected ones (0.06-0.07 V). The good agreement in these cases was used as the basis to support the use of the convolution approach to estimate °roor/rovro for systems where the necessary values for thermochemical estimates are not available. This has been particularly useful in the study of endoperoxides and was used to estimate the standard reduction potential of the antimalarial agent, artemisinin. ... 

FIGURE 13. Experimental and calculated [GIAO/(MP2/TZ2P(Si)TZP(C)DZ(H))] chemical shifts of 75c and 75d, respectively. 15N chemical shifts are relative to NH3. The reported experimental 15N chemical shift (relative to CH3N0298a) was corrected using the experimental difference of 380 ppm between the 15N chemical shifts of CH3NO2 and NH3. Reproduced by permission of VCH Verlagsgesellschaft from Reference 102... 

Table IV shows that our model is able to discriminate between a cyclosilicate such as pseudowollastonite (a-CaSiC ) (42) and an inosilicate such as parawollastonite (p-CaSiC ) (43). For the cyclosilicate structure, a clear distinction is possible between "terminal" oxygen atoms, which are found to have Cq = (3.0 + 0.4) MHz and t]q = 0.08 0.03, and "bridging" oxygen atoms which show much less dispersion Cq = (2.9 0.1) MHz and t]q = 0.39 0.02. If the experimental difference in Cq values is not well reproduced (44), the agreement is much better on r q values. The inosilicate structure is characterized by a very large dispersion for...

Experimental differences between calibration work and routine use can introduce model error. The sapphire viewing port was used as a convenient, built-in reference sample. The calibration models were built before the reactor was sterilized. Unfortunately, the window material changed slightly during sterilization. The resulting subtle differences in the reference spectra collected before and after sterilization hurt the model s predictive ability. Reference samples are useful only if they are stable. 

For coal that is sampled in accordance with standard methods (ASTM D-2234 ASTM D-4596 ASTM D-4916 ASTM D-6315 ASTM D-6518 ISO 13909) and with the standard preparation of the samples for analysis (ASTM D-346 ASTM D-2013), the overall variance of the final analytical data is minimized and falls within the limits of anticipated experimental difference. 

The study of singlet-oxygen reactions in microheterogeneous systems can be carried out mainly from three experimentally different approaches ... 

---