Exogenous electrical currents

Electroporation Creation, by means of an electrical current, of transient pores in the plasmalemma usually for the purpose of introducing exogenous material, especially DNA, from the medium. 

The application of an iontophoretic current to solute ions on the surface of the skin causes solute ions to traverse the skin along pathways that offer the least electrical resistance. These pathways may or may not be the same as those used during the passive diffusion of solutes through the skin, because the imposition of an exogenous transdeimal potential may cause changes in the skin s permeability and create new routes of permeation. Figure 2 shows three... 

Quantitatively, the binding of Ca2+ to the glycocalyx is of secondary importance compared to that bound by phospholipid elements. The glycocalyx does play a significant role in the determination of myocardial cell Ca2+ permeability (20, 21). Upon arrival of the appropriate electrical stimulus T ction potential), Ca2+ crosses the sarcolemma and is the principal cation responsible for a current called the "slow inward current" (lsi) (3-2, 22, 23, 24). Calcium is conducted across the sarcolemma through channels or pores which are controlled by the phosphorylation of sarcolemmal and sarcotubular proteins. Cardiac sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum are phosphorylated by exogenous and endogenous cyclic adenosine 5 -5 - monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinases (25, ... 

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