Exchange Particles and Force Carriers

The force carrier (or exchange ) particles are all bosons. These particles are responsible for carrying the four fundamental forces. This family includes the strong interaction carrier, the gluon the weak interaction carriers, the W and Z° the carrier of the electromagnetic force, the photon and the postulated but unobserved carrier of the gravitational force, the graviton. 

Define or describe the following terms or phenomena radiochemistry, isotone, internal conversion, gluon, lepton. 

Define or describe the following phenomena electron capture, exchange forces, time dilation. 

In an experiment one observes the characteristic Ka X-rays of two elements at energies of 6.930 and 7.478 eV. The higher energy line is due to Ni. What element is responsible for the lower energy line  

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