Evaporator integration characteristics

The concept of the appropriate placement of distillation columns was developed in the preceding chapter. The principle also clearly applies to evaporators. The heat integration characteristics of distillation columns and evaporators are very similar. Thus evaporator placement should be not across the pinch. ... 

In this study, an integrated methanol reformer including an evaporator and a combustor was fabricated and tested. Previous tests of the reformer with a number of on-off cycles revealed that non-uniform temperature distribution caused hot spots within the combustion plate, resulting in cracking of the welded region of the reformer. Therefore, emphasis was made to achieve a uniform temperature distribution within the reformer. In addition, start-up characteristics of the complete reforming system were investigated. 

Liquid density and other characteristics. Profile measurements for a symmetrical sessile drop can be used to calculate its volume and hence its density if the original mass is known and there has been no significant loss due to evaporation. As for the measurement of drop profile coordinates and numerical integration by using image analysis techniques (Naidich and Grigorenko 1992). Alternatively, the... 

Osmotic distillation is unique among concentration processes in that feeds containing thermally labile or shear-sensitive components, and those with appreciable volatility, can be concentrated with little or no loss of product integrity. This characteristic is particularly important for the concentration of fruit juices and other liquid foodstuffs, such as vegetable juices, and tea and coffee extracts. These feeds contain a complex mixture of essential volatile hydrophilic flavor, and fragrance components in very low concentrations. Substantial depletion of these components by direct destruction or evaporation may render the product... 

After integration of (64), the following expressions are obtained for the different evaporator characteristics ... 

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