European communities

The unleaded premium fuels appeared in Europe and France in 1988. In 1993, they represented 40% of the French and 47% of the European Community markets. They are divided into three types. 

Commission des Communautes Europeennes/ Commission of the European Communities 1... 

The work described in this paper was undertaken as part of a project funded by the European Community under the Industrial and Materials technologies Programme (Brite/EuRam III). The contributions of other partners in the project, AIB-Vinfotte asbl, Tecnatom SA and SLV Mifrichen GmbH) is gratefully acknowledged. 

Furthermore, the TRAPPIST format is used in several ongoing projects sponsored by the European Community this is the case of two BRITE projects MISTRAL, on NDT data... 

Collaborative R D has been carried out since the inception of the European Community and the The Maastricht Treaty made R D one of the priority policies of the European Union... 

The earlier policy on technical harmonisation within the then European Community was to adopt directives for individual products and which set out the technical requirements in great detail. This resulted not only in a great number of directives needing to be developed but the setting out of the technical requirements in such detail proved to be a hindrance to technical progress. 

Harmonised standards are technical specifications adopted by one of the European standards organisations following a mandate issued by the European Commission on which Member States were consulted. When published by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Communities, the hamionised standards give presumption of confomiity to the essential requirements they specify. This means that manufacturers applying these standards do not have to demonstrate the compliance of the manufactured products with the relevant requirements of the directive. 

As a precondition for notification of the recognised third party organisations the Member States shall apply the same criteria as for notified bodies and the Commission shall, as in the case of notified bodies, publish the references of theses organisations in the Official Journal of the European Communities. 

Speidel M O, Denk J and Scarlin B 1991 Stress Corrosion Craoking and Corrosion Fatigue of Steam-Turbine Rotor and Blade Materials (Luxembourg Commission of the European Communities)... 

The major net exporters in the countries of the European Community (EC-12) are Italy and Spain. The United States only produces about 2% of the world s rice crop. However, because most of the world s rice is consumed within the borders of the producing countries (Asia produces and consumes about 90% of the world s rice), the United States, which exports approximately half of its production, is one of the lea ding rice exporting countries. 

According to the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, food additives may be defined as "substances. .. the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, either in their becoming a component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food" (1). Canada and the European Community have adopted similar definitions. According to this broad definition, a food additive is synonymous to a food ingredient. In practice, however, the word additive is limited to substances that are used in small quantities. 

Council Directive S9j 381J EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L181 / 44, Luxembourg, 1989. 

R. L. Wentworth, "Anaerobic Digestion in North America," paper presented at Symposium Anaerobic Digestion and Carbohydrate Hydrolysis of Waste, sponsored by Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, May 8—10,1984. 

W. Balthasar and J. P. Schoedel, Hydrogen Safety Manual, Comm. European Communities, Luxembourg, 1983. 

Austrahan energy and conservation European Community (EC) environment... 

One technology uses bovine somatotropin (bST) produced by recombinant technology (38). Somatotropin [9002-72-6] is a growth hormone. The bST-supplemented cows provide an increase in milk output per cow or an increased feed efficiency. Recombinant bST, also known as recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) is the synthetic analogue of a natural hormone that increases milk production in cows (39). The use of recombinant technology was approved by the FDA in 1993. The Commission of the European Community has recommended that the moratorium on commercial use of BGH be delayed until the year 2000. 

In 1995, discussions among the United States, the European Community (EC), and Japan occurred to achieve harmonization of dmg and dmg product standards and to provide guidance to the worldwide pharmaceutical industry for acceptance of global regulatory filings. The International Committee on Harmonization (ICH) has proposed initial guidelines for the estabUshment of stabihty studies. 

The reproductive toxicity of some phthalate esters has been reviewed by the Commission of the European Communities (45). This review concludes that testicular atrophy is the most sensitive indicator of reproductive impairment and that the rat is the most sensitive species. 

OfficialJournal of the European Communities, No. L 222/49, Office for Official Pubhcations of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Belgium, Aug. 17,1990. 

F. M. Sullivan and co-workers. The Toxicology of Chemicals, Series Two Reproductive Toxicity, Vol. 1, Commission of the European Communities, Bmssels, Belgium, 1993. 

All eight PMBs are Hsted on the U.S. EPA s TSCA Inventory (May 1, 1994 ed.) and on the European Communities EINECS inventory (June 15, 1990). All but pentamethylbenzene are Hsted on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) (Apr. 6, 1994). Pentamethylbenzene is Hsted on the Canadian Nondomestic Substances List (NDSL) (Apt. 6, 1994) and as of July 1, 1994 was subject to New Substance Notification if manufactured in or imported into Canada. 

I. D. Heriot, Cranium Enrichment by Gas Centrifuge, EUR 11486EN, for the Commission of the European Communities, Urenco Ltd., Luxembourg, Belgium, 1988. 

In a parahel move, antidumping duties against these three countries were also assessed for import of sihcon into the European Community. These latter duties are due to expire. The term for antidumping duties in Europe is a period of five years. The impact of antidumping duties is not straightforward, but rather is influenced by factors such as Most Favored Nation Status in the United States and by export of finished products made from materials containing antidumping duties tariff to Third World nations and in the European Community. 

H. Lennartz and co-workers. Vaporisation Equilibrium of the Water—Sulfuric Acid System, Rep. Fur. 6783, Commission of European Communities, Hydrogen Energy Vector, Europe, 1980, pp. 60—70. 

Poly(vinyl chloride) is Hsted on the TSCA inventory and the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) as ethene, chloro-, homopolymer [9002-86-2]. Because polymers do not appear on the European Community Commercial Chemical Substances listing or EINECS, poly(vinyl chloride) is listed through its monomer, vinyl chloride [75-01-4]. In the United States, poly(vinyl chloride) is an EPA hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act Section 112 (40 CER 61) and is covered under the New Jersey Community Right-to-Know Survey N.J. Environmental Hazardous Substances (EHS) List as "chloroethylene, polymer" with a reporting threshold of 225 kg (500 lb). 

European Regulations. Regulations for cosmetics differ from country to country but, in general, are similar to or patterned after U.S. regulation. Thus, the identification of a cosmetic in the European Community differs only marginally from that in the United States. A 1991 European Economic Community (EEC) directive defines a cosmetic as ... 

Enzymes are used as feed digestibiUty enhancers for chicken and pigs. They must comply with purity specifications comparable to food-grade enzyme specifications. European Community (EC) guidelines for the assessment of additives in animal nutrition are being revised to make them appHcable for enzymes. Upon completion of these guidelines, the regulatory status of feed enzymes will be estabUshed in EC directive 70/524/EEC. 

Also, the electronic control-valve device s level of immunity to, and emission of, electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be an issue in the chemical-valve environment. EMI requirements for the control-valve devices are presently mandatory in the European Community but voluntary in the United States, Japan, and the rest of the world. International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) SOI, Parts I through 4, Electromagnetic Compatibihty for Industrial Process Measurement and Control Equipment, defines tests and requirements for control-device immunity. Immunity and emission standards are addressed in CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) EN 50 081-1 1992, EN 50 081-2 1993, EN 50 082-1 1992, and prEN 50 082-2 1994. 

House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, Nitrate in Water, HMSO, London, 1989. 

R. J. Heitzman, Veterinary Drug Residues. Residues in Food Producing Animals and their Products Reference Materials and Methods, Final Report EUR 14126EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Luxembourg, 1992. 

Fumigation with ethylene oxide does indeed lead to a considerable reduction in the germ count (and at the same time destruction of insects), but the process, because of the formation of toxic reaction products (ethylene chlorhydrin, ethylene glycol) has been banned throughout the European Community since 01.01.1990 Ionizing irradiation a declaration of the treatment is obligatory, but such drugs find little acceptance by the public who expect nature s products as such. 

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