Ethylene terephthalate-azelate

Fig. 10.5 Plot of crystallization half-time, li/2, against crystallization temperatures, Tc, for random copolyesters of ethylene terephthalate-azelate at indicated mol percent azelate. Composition o 6 mol% Dll mol% 25 mol% V 31 mol%.

Fig. 5.27 Melting temperature against composition for block copolymers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with ethylene succinate(l) ethylene adipate(2) diethylene adipate(3) ethylene azelate(4) ethylene sebacate(5) ethylene phthalate(6) and ethylene isoph-thalate(7). For comparative purposes, data from random copolymers with ethylene adipate and with ethylene sebacate also are given. (From Kenney (189))...

Fig. 4.5. Melting-temperature-composition relations for block copolymers of poly (ethylene terephthalate) with (1) ethylene succinate, (2) ethylene adipate, (3) diethylene adipate, (4) ethylene azelate, (5) ethylene sebacate, (6) ethylene phthalate, and (7) ethylene isophthalate. For comparative purposes data for random copolymers with ethylene adipate and with ethylene sebacate are also given. (Reproduced with permission from [16], copyright 1968, Polymer Engineering and Science.)...

Polymer plasticization can be achieved either through internal or external incorporation of the plasticizer into the polymer. Internal plasticization involves copolymerization of the monomers of the desired polymer and that of the plasticizer so that the plasticizer is an integral part of the polymer chain. In this case, the plasticizer is usually a polymer with a low Tg. The most widely used internal plasticizer monomers are vinyl acetate and vinylidene chloride. External plasticizers are those incorporated into the resin as an external additive. Typical low-molecular-weight external plasticizers for PVC are esters formed from the reaction of acids or acid anhydrides with alcohols. The acids include ortho- and iso-or terephthalic, benzoic, and trimellitic acids, which are cyclic or adipic, azeleic, sebacic, and phosphoric acids, which are linear. The alcohol may be monohydric such as 2-ethylhexanol, butanol, or isononyl alcohol or polyhydric such as ethylene or propylene glycol. The structures of some plasticizers of PVC are shown in Table 9.1. 

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