Estimation of Transport and Thermodynamic Properties

Different correlations for bulk bed voidage have been presented in the literature. Haughey and Beveridge (1969) have reported the following correlation for sphere packing  

From Equation 9.20 it is clearly observed that as dpid, 0, Gq g, because the wall effect becomes less important (Foumeny et al., 1991 Sie, 1996). Dixon et al. (1988) have modified Equation 9.19 to include theoretical results of Carman (1937) arriving at 

For spheres packing, Benyahia and O Neill (2005) also reported the following correlation  

Assuming the static external liquid holdup to be in the range of 0.02-0.05 (Hofmann, 1977), both external holdups were compared. Fu and Tan (1996) correlation presented lower values of liquid holdup. 

Modeling of Processes and Reactors for Upgrading of Heavy Petroleum 

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