ES-Battery Indirect Coupling Active Control

Indirect coupling of a supercapacitor and battery via the addition of a DC-DC power converter affords a means of stepping the voltage up or down. This can provide HESS systems with supplementary degrees of freedom for operation and rectify problems and constraints surrounding the passive direct coupling described earlier. These advantages are  

The supercapacitor and battery voltages can now differ from one another, providing design flexibility for both types of arrays. 

The weight of the power source to meet peak power requirements is now readily reduced compared with passive direct coupling. 

A greater power capacity is realizable while circumventing a battery current that may surpass the safety limit. 

A constant terminal voltage (with small variation) can be maintained for the HESS. 

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