Equivalents and Normal Solutions

If Vf is the added volume at the endpoint (an experimental point) and Vep is that added in principle at the equivalence point (a theoretical point), the absolute and relative errors are given by 

Naturally, the titration error must be minimized. It may have two origins  

The titration error is a systematic error. Other systematic errors exist, among them 

Random errors are added to the systematic ones. The precision of a ti trimetric titration is about 0.2%. 

In the case of protometric titrations, the most important error is usually due to the uncertainty related to the pH determination at the equivalence point. 

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