Two Phases in Equilibrium

Chyu, M. C., 1989, Formation and Heat Transfer Mechanism of Vapor Mass during Nucleate Boiling, in Thermal, Non-equilibrium in Two-Phase Flow, pp. 157-181, ENEA, Rome. (2)... 

In systems using, say, ion exchange resins (see Section 3.3.7.7), the resin particles have fixed electrical charges. Similarly, ion exchange membranes (Section 3.4.2.5) have fixed electrical charges. If there is no externally applied electrical field, it is useful to enquire what criteria govern chemical equilibrium in two-phase systems containing such a phase. 

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