Equilibrium apparatus

Handling and storage Cleveland Pensky Martin Equilibrium apparatus (various)... 

Figure 7-24 Adsorption equilibrium apparatus to determine adsorption isotherms and surface areas of catalysts. From the saturation of a sample of known weight, the surface area can be determined if the area occupied by a...

In 1937 Deaton and Frost constructed a static hydrate equilibrium apparatus that was to be the prototype for many others. The essential features of the apparatus are cited below and shown in Figures 6.1a,b, with a chronological... 

Reproduced courtesy of U.S. Bureau of Mines (Deaton and Frost, 1946).) (b) Typical rocking hydrate equilibrium apparatus. 

The most productive two-phase (H-V or H-Lhc) equilibrium apparatus was developed by Kobayashi and coworkers. The same apparatus has been used for two-phase systems such as methane + water (Sloan et al., 1976 Aoyagi and Kobayashi, 1978), methane + propane + water (Song and Kobayashi, 1982), and carbon dioxide + water (Song and Kobayashi, 1987). The basic apparatus described in Section 6.1.1.2 was used in a unique way for two-phase studies. With two-phase measurements, excess gas was used to convert all of the water to hydrate at a three-phase (Lw-H-V) line before the conditions were changed to temperature and pressures in the two-phase region. This requires very careful conditioning of the hydrate phase to prevent metastability and occlusion. Kobayashi and coworkers equilibrated the hydrate phase by using the ball-mill apparatus to convert any excess water to hydrate. 

Figure 1. Phase equilibrium apparatus with variable volume cell A, magnetic stirrer B, screw press C, camera system D, pressure relief valve E and photocell F for transmission monitoring...

Accurate information on the isotherm trends of various VOC groups (in relation to the individual boiling points of low, medium and high boilers) was essential in order to describe the entire process and to elaborate a suitable design for the plant. The isotherms of various VOCs were measured on a commercial microporous ACC using the equilibrium apparatus previously described. The specific surface of this activated carbon fibre cloth was 1000 mVg, pore diameter was between 1 and 2 nm and the specific pore volume for solvents was 0.45 cmVg. 

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Dual-Sampling Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Apparatus. Components are labeled as follows 6PG, Gas pressure generator GRP, Gas recirculation punqp HZ, Heated zone LPG, Liquid pressure generator LRP, Liquid recirculation pump P, Pressure gauge RV, High pressure sanqpling valve SPV, Sapphire pressure vessel VG, Vacuum gauge. Hatchmarks on the lines in the saxtqpling section of the apparatus indicate where heaters have been wrapped on them. The path of vapor saxtqples is indicated by light arrows and the dark arrow shows the path of liquid sanples.

Equilibrium apparatus employing the entrainment method (J unghana-Weber)... 

Stage s arrangement (Fig. 392) designed for measurements of phase equilibria, appears useful. Two commercial flow refractonieters are so arranged in the equilibrium apparatus that they indicate the refractive indices of the liquid and vapour phases and thus enable their compositions to be determined. 

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