Enzymatic treatment, natural fiber

Janardhnan, S., Sain, M., 2011. Targeted disruption of hydroxyl chemistiy and crystallinity in natural fibers for the isolation of cellulose nanofibers via enzymatic treatment. 

The source of nanofiber is varied either from animal or plant that contains different amount of chemical composition. Thus, in nanofiber production, different natural fibers need to imdergo several chemical and physical treatments. In addition, every extraction method gave different results in term of quality and yields, hence other techniques of cellulose nanofiber production need to be explored. Furthermore, as found in previous research, combination of chemical, enzymatic, and physical... 

CNWs were initially isolated from natural fibers by Mukherjee and Woods [12] in 1953. They can be prepared from a variety of sources such as wood pulp, plant fibers (e.g., hemp, sisal, flax, ramie, jute, algae, cotton) [13, 14], tree leaves [15], microbial (acetobacter xylinum) [16], sea creatures (tunicates) [17, 18], fiuit skins (banana and grape) [19], fruit husks (coconuts) [20], and even agricultoral products (e.g., wheat straws and soy huUs) [21], which makes them more attractive and applicable. Three methods are available for producing nanocellulose, namely, chemical acid hydrolysis, chemical treatment in combination with mechanical refining and the enzymatic methods. 

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