Environmental toxicology,

Highly persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals are generally recognized as environmental hazards prompting national and international regulatory agencies to develop standards and guidelines to characterize these chemical attributes. Persistent ehemicals resist natural environmental breakdown and may be present in the environment for many decades. Persistence 

Increase biodegradation rates Decrease biodegradation rates 

The line between toxieology and ehemistry is becoming less apparent, which can be attributed in no small part to the advancements in computational chemistry and an ever inereasing understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. This intersection provides an opportunity to advance the discussion of computational chemistry and mechanistic toxicology using a common language to inform safer ehemistry. 

This chapter has only scratched the surface of the opportunities and possibilities to demonstrate the natural relationship between chemistry and toxicology. Some of the topics that were not discussed include oxidation and oxidative stress, the influence of electrolytes on calcium homeostasis, immunotoxicology, focusing on biochemistry and applying frontier molecular orbital theory to predicting adverse outcomes. A discussion of catalysis may include the role of enzymes in toxication and detoxication, for example the mechanisms of action of organophosphate pesticides on the function of acetylcholinesterase. 

Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry Theory and Practice, Oxford Press, New York, 1998, p. 135. 

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QSAR in Environmental Toxicology K. L. E. Kaiser, Ed., D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht (1989). 

T. Colborn and C. Clement, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Volnme XXL Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, Princeton Scientific, New Jersey, 1992. 

Y. Allen, J. E. Thain, P. Matthiessenand S. Haworth, in Seventh Annual Meeting of SETAC-Enrope, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Brussels, 1997, p. 45. K. Hylland, B. Braaten, F. R. Knudsenand C. Haux, in Seventh Annual Meeting of SETAC-Enrope, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Brussels, 1997, p. 45. 

W. P. Davis and S.A. Bortone, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Volume XXL Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Eunctional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, ed. T. Colborn and C. Clement, Princeton Scientific, New Jersey, 1992, p. 113. D.L. MacLatchy, Z. Yao, L. Tremblay and G.J. Van Der Kraak, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposinm on Reprodnctive Physiology of Eish, University of Texas, Austin, 1997, p. 189. P. E. Gibbs and G. W. Bryan, in Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries, ed. K. J. M. Kramer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, p. 205. 

Greenberg, M.I. (ed.) (1997) Occupational, Industrial and Environmental Toxicology, Mosby, St Louis. 

International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer (ISETC)... 

Promotes research and exchange of information among clinicians and researchers working in the field of environmental toxicology and oncology. 

Manual of Analytical Methods, J. F. Thompson, Ed. Quality Assurance Section, Chemistry Branch, EPA, Environmental Toxicology Division, Pesticides, Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. 

A. M. Nielsen et al., presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Meeting, Abstract 543, Cincinnati, 1992. 

Heat Shock Response in Environmental Toxicology, Human Development, and Aging 447... 

There is increasing interest in the relationship of the HS response to environmental toxicology. As induction of the HS response portends resistance to otherwise lethal stresses, many environmental hazards have the potential for inducing the HS response (Finnell et al., 1992). Activity of the dioxin receptor is affected by HS proteins (Nemoto et al., 1990 Pongratz et al., 1992) and it is likely that the HS... 

Even though environmental toxicology could have profound effects on the HS response, there are other considerations where manipulation of the HS response could be beneficial. For example, constitutive induction of the HS response in bacteria could be a potential means to develop super-microbes which could withstand harsh environments while engaging in their genetically-designed function such as scouring oil spills and enzymatically converting toxins into harmless substances. 

Dubois M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, De Waziers I, etal. 1996. Selective induction of the cyp3a family by endosulfan and DNA-adduct formation in different hepatic and hepatoma cells. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology l(4) 249-256. 

Mix MC. 1984. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment Occurrence and biological monitoring. In Hodgson E,ed. Reviews in environmental toxicology I. New York, NY Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 51-102. 

Environmental Health Criteria 91 (1989)—A valuable source of information on the environmental toxicology of aldrin and dieldrin. 

Elliott, J.E., Wilson, L.K., and Henny, C.J. et al. (2001). Assessment of biological effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in osprey chicks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 866-879. 

Environmental Health Criteria 140(1993). Polychlorinated B iphenyIs and Terphenyls—A detailed reference work giving much information on the environmental toxicology of PCBs. 

Levin, M., De Guise, S., and Ross, P. (2004). Association between lymphocyter proliferation and PCBs in free-ranging harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from British Columbia. Canada Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 1247-1252. 

Robertson, L.W. and Hansen, L.G. (Eds.) (2001). PCBs Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects—A wide ranging collection of articles arising from a meeting held at the University of Kenmcky in 2000. 

Toschik, P.C., Rattner, B.A., McGowan, P.C. et al. (2005). Effects of contaminant exposure on reproductive success of Ospreys nesting in Delaware river and bay. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 17-628. 

Environmental Health Criteria 202 (1998). WHO, Geneva—Gives a very detailed account of the environmental toxicology of PAHs seen from the global point of view. However, it largely ignores marine pollution caused by oil spills. 

Environmental Health Criteria 82 [Cypermethrin], 94 [Permethrin], 95 [Fenvalerate], 97 [Deltamethrin], and 142 [Alphacypermethrin] are all valuable sources of information on the environmental toxicology of pyrethroids. 

Allran, J.W. and Karasov, W.H. (2001). Effects of atrazine on embryos, larvae, and adults of auurau amphibiaus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 769-775. 

Arenal, C.A., Halbrook, R.S., and Woodruff, J.J. (2004). European starling avian model and monitor of PCB contamination at a superfund site. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 93-104. 

Beauvais, S.L., Jones, S.B., Brewer, S.K., and Little, E.E. (2000). Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainhow trout and their correlation with behavioural measures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19,1875-1880. 

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