Energy Transfer in Conjugated Reactions

A chemical system with conjugated chemical reactions is usually open, and a stationary state far from the chemical equilibrium is typical of it. Stationary proceeding of chemical reactions in open systems (stationary flow systems) is characterized by the equilibrated rates of the mass and energy transfer to the system from the environment and the inverse process. 

Chemical energy transferred from the reaction releasing it to the one accepting it is only possible in the presence of an intermediate product general for these reactions, which represents the energy transmitter between two reactions. 

The question thus arises which transmitter form—oxidized or reduced—is more highly saturated with energy. Usually, it is the oxidized transmitter, though from positions of thermodynamics the reduced form may also accumulate high energy. 

Lehninger, the famous American biochemist, defined the principle of general intermediate product in his textbook [13] two consecutive reactions are conjugated, if the first reaction product represents the substrate of the second reaction  

Reactions are conjugated owing to the general intermediate product (currently D). There is only one method for energy transfer from one reaction to another under isothermal conditions conjugation of two reactions via general intermediate substance. This is the way in which almost all exchange reactions run in cells.  

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