Energy migration surroundings

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the artificial photosynthetic reaction center by a monolayer assembly by A-S-D triad and antenna molecules for light harvesting (H), lateral energy migration and energy transfer, and charge separation across the membrane via multistep electron transfer (a) Side view of mono-layer assembly, (b) top view of a triad surrounded by H molecules, and (c) energy diagram for photo-electric conversion in a monolayer assembly.

The increased kinetic energy of the free radicals and their surroundings in turn results in an increased mobility of the electrons involved, and to a migration of the impaired electron, until another radical comes close together in order to allow e.g., recombination or disproportionation reactions. 

If photons of sufficient energy are incident on a semiconductor, excess electrons and holes are created in the semiconductor conduction and valence bands respectively. Further, if the semiconductor is fabricated to contain one or more p-n junctions, the chemical potential of the excess carriers can be converted into a flow of charges resulting in an electric current. This current can then be used to power the direct electrolysis of water. Alternatively, the excess charge carriers can migrate to the semiconductor surface where they initiate chemical reactions and produce H2 and/or 02 in the surrounding medium either in a PEC or in a suspension of semiconductor particles. 

Four ensembles (A) microcanonical (/rC ). (B) canonical CE). (C) grand canonical GCE). (D) isothermal-isobaric (HE). They are all isolated from the surroundings, but differ among themselves in what can migrate between systems nothing, energy, heat, or molecules. Inspired by Moore [1]. 

---