Matter energy distinct from

The spectacular relationship between the nature of the X3 species and the promotion energy shows that the VBSCD is in fact a general model of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE). A qualitative application of PJTE would predict all the X3 species to be transition-state structures that relax to the distorted X ---X-X and X-X— X entities. The VBSCD makes a distinction between strong binders, which form transition states, and weak binders that form stable intermediate clusters. Thus, the VBSCD model is in tune with the general observation that as one moves in the periodic table from strong binders to weak ones (e.g., metallic) matter changes from discrete molecules to extended delocalized clusters and/or lattices. The delocalized clusters of the strong binders are the transition states for chemical reactions. 

Refraction (change in a wave s speed when entering a different medium) and diffraction (bend of a wave around an edge of an object) indicate that energy is wavelike, with properties distinct from those of particles of matter. 

Matter at an interface is usually found to have physical properties distinct from those of the bulk material and, as a result, a definite free energy is associated with each unit of interfacial area. In particular, atoms and molecules located at an interface will experience significantly different force fields from those in the bulk material because of different numbers and types of neighboring atoms and molecules. 

In chemistry we usually indicate the energetics of equations separately from the equation itself (as in Example 9 in Table 4.1), but if energy is included as a term, especially in a word equation, this can undermine the sigiuficant distinction between what is happening in a chemical reaction in terms of matter and energy. 

J. J. Thomson (Moore 1912, 72). But he pushed the new physics in distinctly occult directions that those physicists would have rejected Science is beginning to regard matter as a form of energy and our observations of the human mind, thought impulses, show evidence in favour of energy being a form of mind. Thus it would appear that matter originated indirectly from mind (75). 

The detection of sharp plasmon absorption signifies the onset of metallic character. This phenomenon occurs in the presence of a conduction band intersected by the Fermi level, which enables electron-hole pairs of all energies, no matter how small, to be excited. A metal, of course, conducts current electrically and its resistivity has a positive temperature coefficient. On the basis of these definitions, aqueous 5-10 nm colloidal silver particles, in the millimolar concentration range, can be considered to be metallic. Smaller particles in the 100-A > D > 20-A size domain, which exhibit absorption spectra blue-shifted from the plasmon band (Fig. 80), have been suggested to be quasi-metallic [513] these particles are size-quantized [8-11]. Still smaller particles, having distinct absorption bands in the ultraviolet region, are non-metallic silver clusters. 

In addition to those attributes of real natural water systems mentioned above, there is one other which is often important. These systems are open to their environment. They receive various inputs (fluxes) of matter and energy from their surroundings and return matter and energy to their surroundings. Distinctions between closed and open systems depend largely upon the limits defined for isolation. However, large systems—e.g., the lithosphere, plus the hydrosphere, plus the atmosphere... 

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