Energy dissipation resulting from chain

The Mullins effect, which can be considered as a hysteretic mechanism related to energy dissipated by the material during deformation, corresponds to a decrease in the number of elastically effective network chains. It results from chains that reach their limit of extensibility by strain amplification effects caused by the inclusion of undeformable filler particles [24,25]. Stress-softening in filled rubbers has been associated with the rupture properties and a quantitative relationship between total hysteresis (area between the first extension and the first release curves in the first extension cycle) and the enei-gy required for rupture has been derived [26,27]. 

Photosynthetic model systems have recently been exhaustively reviewed elsewhere [5, 6, 218] and a number of results are given in the latest literature [219-224]. The attention of the researchers is focused on topics such as electron-transfer chain and energy dissipation within models (the first step is the transfer of an electron from a metallotetrapyrrole moiety yielding a cation radical) the dependences of the electron-transfer rate constant on the driving force of the process distance and mutual orientation of donor and acceptor sites influences of membranes and medium (solvent) properties, etc. 

When the applied voltage exceeds, the electrostatic field becomes so large that a chain reaction results from the interaction of any ionizing particle, resulting in loss of proportionality between energy dissipated and PH. This proportionality... 

With respect to varying PU composition, the dominant result from these tests was the differences between polymers based on the two hard segments. For all combinations of chain extenders and macrodiols, residual strain s and hysteresis energy dissipation E]jj, were highest for hard segments ofDBDI than ofMDI. 

It is known [13], that molecular mobility intensification results to energy dissipation increase and enhancement of polymer toughness at failure. In chapter two, it has been shown that the molecular mobility level can be characterized by the value of fiactal dimension of chain part between mac-romolecular entanglements nodes DJ < < 2 [14]). Fractional part change (i.e., 1) from 0 up to 1 gives all possible spectrum of molecular... 

In addition, NMR and FTIR studies have not revealed an appreciable increase in the concentration of terminal methyl units, which would be associated with radiolytic cleavage of the polymer chains. Because breaking of C-C is a random (stochastic) process, it can be assumed that the primary macroradicals resulting from Reaction 1 undergo recombination, in both amorphous and crystalline phase, giving back a C-C bond, with dissipation of energy in the polymer mass (Scheme I, Reaction 2). 

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