Energy continued internal

The equipartition principle is a classic result which implies continuous energy states. Internal vibrations and to a lesser extent molecular rotations can only be understood in terms of quantized energy states. For the present discussion, this complication can be overlooked, since the sort of vibration a molecule experiences in a cage of other molecules is a sufficiently loose one (compared to internal vibrations) to be adequately approximated by the classic result. 

As we observed in Section 6.2, the properties of a process material are either e.xtensive (proportional to the quantity of the material) or intensive (independent of the quantity ). Nfass. number of moles, and volume (or mass flow rate, molar flow rate, and volumetric flow rate for a continuous stream), and kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy (or the rates of transport of these quantities by a continuous stream) are extensive properties, while temperature, pressure, and density are intensive. 

The full dynamical treatment of electrons and nuclei together in a laboratory system of coordinates is computationally intensive and difficult. However, the availability of multiprocessor computers and detailed attention to the development of efficient software, such as ENDyne, which can be maintained and debugged continually when new features are added, make END a viable alternative among methods for the study of molecular processes. Eurthemiore, when the application of END is compared to the total effort of accurate determination of relevant potential energy surfaces and nonadiabatic coupling terms, faithful analytical fitting and interpolation of the common pointwise representation of surfaces and coupling terms, and the solution of the coupled dynamical equations in a suitable internal coordinates, the computational effort of END is competitive. 

Most of the ions produced by either thermospray or plasmaspray (with or without the repeller electrode) tend to be very similar to those formed by straightforward chemical ionization with lots of protonated or cationated positive ions or negative ions lacking a hydrogen (see Chapter l).This is because, in the first part of the inlet, the ions continually collide with neutral molecules in the early part of their transit. During these collisions, the ions lose excess internal energy. 

---