Emulsions optical micrographs

Fig. 11 Photograph (a), optical micrograph (b), and scanning electron micrograph (c) of cross-linked PPE mUli- (a), micro- (b), and nanoparticles (c) prepared by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in aqueous emulsions. Reproduced with permission from [83]...

Figure 2.25. Optical micrographs of a ferrofluid oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by 0.04 wt% BLG. The bar corresponds to 10 am. (a) On field corresponding to force of 1 pN. (b) 30 min after switching off the magnetic field. (Reproduced from [87], with...

Figure 2.3 Optical micrograph using reflected fluorescent light showing a multiple emulsion. The continuous water phase (W, dark) shows a large dispersed oil droplet (O, bright) that contains a water droplet that also contains emulsified oil. The arrow points out an oil-in-water in oil-in-water emulsion droplet. From Mikula [66]. Copyright 1992, American Chemical Society.

Figure 2.3 shows an optical micrograph obtained with reflected fluorescent light. This technique clearly shows the presence of a multiple, O/W/O/W, emulsion which would have been extremely difficult to detect by other means. Combined techniques can be used to observe different dispersed species. For example, reflected white light can make dispersed particles easy to observe (Figure 2.4a) whereas reflected light on... 

Figure 1. Optical micrograph of a rag-layer emulsion showing complex structure. In reflected mode with blue-violet light, the water component (W) is dark, and the oil component (O) fluoresces yellow (bright in this black-and-white reproduction). On a very short scale both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions can be seen.

Fig. 2 Optical micrographs of multiple emulsions stabilized with nanoparticles.

Fig. 3 An optical micrograph of fluorocarbon-in-toluene-inwater emulsion stabilized with nanoparticles.

Figure 4.2 Optical micrograph of ice cream mix, showing the coarse fat droplet emulsion produced in the mix tank prior to homogenization (The image is 225 j,m wide)...

Figure 4.6 Optical micrograph of the ice cream mix from Figure 4.2 after homogenization, showing the fine fat droplet emulsion (The image is 225 fim wide)...

Fig. 4.4.5 Optical micrograph of a surface of a tapered blocky VA/AA-based polymeric surfactant with 6 wt% AA content in diluted emulsion form (from 6.6 wt% solids) at 400X magnification, showing about 10 p.m spherical domains and aggregates up to about 60 p.m in size (With permission from Caneba and Axland, 2(X)2b)...

The emulsions were stored at room temperature and 50 °C and optical micrographs were taken at intervals of time (for one year) in order to check the stability. Emulsions prepared in water were very stable, showing no change in droplet size distribution over... 

Figure 15.6 Optical micrographs of O/W emulsions stabilized with HMI stored at 50 °C for (a) 1.5 weeks and (b) 14 weeks.

Figure 8.15 Optical micrographs of emulsions prepared with silylated MFC DS = 0.6 (a) and DS=1.1 (b). The toluene water ratio was 1 1 and the concentration of silylated MFC was 0.15% (w/v) for both emulsions. (Reproduced with permission from Ref [64].)...

Figure 8.8 Fluorescence optical micrograph of the emulsion system.

Figure 8.15 Optical micrograph of emulsions. (a) Mixture of 0.019 mmol catalyst 37a, 400 pi water, and 1 ml cyclohexanone. (b) Mixture of 0.019 mmol catalyst 37b, 400 pi water, and 1 ml cyclohexanone.

Figure 25. Electron micrographs showing three typical views of a water4n-oil emulsion by direct observation. The resolution and depth of field are significantly better than can be achieved via optical microscopy.

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