Emotional response

This is defined as the tendency to inhibit emotional responses during a crisis (Roger and Nesshoever, 1987). The scale which measures this concept has four factors, namely ... 

Stewart, S. and Pihl, R., Effects of alcohol administration on psychophysiological and subjective-emotional responses to aversive stimulation in anxiety sensitive women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 8(1), 29-42, 1994. 

Nerve signals from the thalamus and the reticular formation are transmitted to the limbic system as well as the hypothalamus. Together, these regions of the brain are responsible for behavioral and emotional responses to pain. The limbic system, in particular, may be involved with the mood-altering and attention-narrowing effect of pain. 

In the UK the annual cost of AD is estimated at 5.5bn (extrapolated from Alloul et al., 1998). As well as these economic costs there are enormous human costs, both for the individual who has the disease and for their family and/or carers who have to cope with the gradual and relentless disintegration of cognition and personality. Table 13.2 summarises the typical symptomatology and progression of the disorder. Typically, the disorder involves an initial blunting of emotional responses, which is sometimes described as a coarsening of affect this is soon followed by decrements in... 

Another type of obstacle to behavior change is the occurrence of a crisis that threatens to disrupt therapy or threatens the well-being of the client. Frequently, these crises involve extreme emotional responses or mood problems, such as explosive anger and suicidal behavior. In other cases, a crisis might involve a legal situation. The professional will need to respond quickly and effectively to this type of situation in order to defuse it. 

Related to the idea of self-monitoring, you may need to educate your client on identifying how one behavior links to emotional responses and vice versa. Some... 

Probably the most powerful coping technique for folks with environmental illness is similar to the coping techniques for people in trauma. That is to have some control over your own emotional response. Some have a real visceral chemical reaction that affects their emotions, I understand that. But to be empowered in some way, to make decisions on your own behalf, to take some responsibility for shaping the world you live in—it works. To take charge of what you can do, even if it s a small thing to make your life just a little bit better. 

Few topics in biomedical research elicit the emotional response and frequent overreaction as does the subject of the use of live animals in the drug discovery and development process. In recent years, a worldwide movement of highly motivated activists has adopted, as one of its causes, the prohibition of the use of intact animals in research. Common arguments put forward to support this philosophy include ... 

As we move forward, it will prove helpful to get some basic aspects of the human nervous system in place. An enormous amount of work has gone into making associations between brain anatomy and function. Starting with the three main parts of the brain, we know that the cerebrum is the seat of consciousness. It is divided into two hemispheres, which are linked by the corpus callosum. In a very general sense, the left hemisphere is associated with intellectual and the right hemisphere with emotional responses. Within the cerebrum, one can associate a number of brain areas (the prefrontal, frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, for example) with functions including vision and hearing. One can make crude maps in which function is mapped onto brain structure. 

Under certain circumstances, anxiety is an appropriate emotional response. We expect a person to feel sad after a signihcant loss such as the death of a loved one, and it is eqnally reasonable for a person to feel fearful and anxious when faced with a frightening situation such as a painful or risky medical procedure. Indeed, in the context of the fight or flight reaction readily witnessed in nature when a predator is lurking near its intended prey, the physical and mental symptoms of anxiety can indeed be adaptive. This anxiety clearly serves as an appropriate alarm that potential danger is nearby and readies the individnal for a self-protective response. 

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with Atypicai Features. The anhedonia of MDD is often manifested by social withdrawal. In contrast to social anxiety disorder, the social withdrawal of MDD is desired by the patient, at least during the major depressive episode, and does not persist when the episode remits. Atypical depression is characterized by another symptom reminiscent of social anxiety disorder—a longstanding pattern of sensitivity to interpersonal rejection. The interpersonal sensitivity associated with atypical depression is often characterized by stormy relationships and overly emotional responses to perceived slights. Such social lability is seldom observed in patients with social anxiety disorder. 

Has unusually intense, rapidly shifting, or inappropriate emotional responses to others... 

Injury to certain areas within the brain s frontal lobes may produce a syndrome that resembles depression but without depressed mood or a sad affect. Instead, this apathetic syndrome is marked by a lack of motivation, little emotional response, profound psychomotor slowing, and disengagement from social interaction. Antidepressants, stimulants, and medicines that specihcally boost dopamine activity have been tried when treating apathy after TBI (see Table 12.1). 

Siegel, M. A., Richardson, R., and Campbell, B. A. (1988). Effects of home nest stimuli on the emotional response of preweanling rats to an unfamiliar environment. Psychobiology 16,236-242. 

The smell of musk is important in perfumes and cosmetics, and is obtained from the glands of small animals. There are several types of synthetic musk the aromatic musk is built on dinitrobenzene the steroid musk is built around cholesterol as four staggered fused rings and the macrocyclic musk is built on a 15-member carbon ring. Aside from the ability to elicit a pungent sensation in the nostrils and an emotional response of masculinity, we have not found the common structure responsible for these sensations. 

Before we review some intriguing findings from the analysis of genetically altered animals, we will give a brief overview of the tachykinin system and summarize some pharmacological studies as they relate to its role in the regulation in emotional responses and, possibly, in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. 

Mechanism of Action Anticholinergic alkaloids that inhibit the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic (muscarinic) receptor sites. Morphine (10% of opium) depresses cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and medullary centers. Therapeutic Effect Decreases digestive secretions, increases GI muscle tone, reduces G1 force, alters pain perception and emotional response to pain. 

Mechanism of Action An opioid agonist-antagonist that binds with opioid receptors in the CNS. Therapeutic Effect Alters the perception of and emotional response to pain blocks the effects of heroin and produces minimal opioid withdrawal symptoms. Pharmacokinetics Rapidly absorbed following IM administration. Protein binding Very high. Metabolized in liver. Primarily excreted in feces minimal excretion in urine. Half-life 2 hr... 

Mechanism of Action An opioid that binds to opiate receptor sites in the CNS. Reduces intensity of pain stimuli incoming from sensory nerve endings. Therapeutic Effect Alters pain perception and emotional response to pain. 

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