Electrostatic charge maximum stable

An electrostatic field applied across an emulsion will place a limit on the maximum stable droplet size. The electrostatic field has a polarizing effect which creates charges of opposite polarity at opposing sides of the droplet. This elongates the droplet, in the direction of the applied electric field, and may result in break-up if the disruptive electro-statie foree exceeds the cohesive interfaeial foree. 

The stability of nuclides is characterized by several important rules, two of which are briefly discussed here. The first is the so-called synunetry rule, which states that in a stable nuclide with low atomic number, the number of protons is approximately equal to the number of neutrons, or the neutron-to-proton ratio, N/Z, is approximately equal to unity. In stable nuclei with more than 20 protons or neutrons, the N/Z ratio is always greater than unity, with a maximum value of about 1.5 for the heaviest stable nuclei. The electrostatic Coulomb repulsion of the positively charged protons grows rapidly with increasing Z. To maintain the stability in the nuclei, more... 

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