Electron microscopic observations graphitization

A. Oberhn, S. Bonnamy, X. Bonrrat, M. Monthioux, and J.N. Rouzaud. Electron microscopic observations on carbonization and graphitization. In Petroleum Derived Carbons (J.D. Bacha, J.W. Newman, and J.L. White, eds.). ACS Symposium Series 303 Amer. Chem. Soc. Washington, DC, 1986, 85—98. 

F. Bensaid and A. Oberlin. Electron microscopic observations on carbonization and graphitization. J. Chimie. Phys. 84,1457-1467 (1987) E. Bensaid. Correlation entre la microtexture des charbons et des melanges et les parametres de la cokefaction. These d Etat Orleans, 1983, 108 pp. 

Among many tube-tip shapes, one that we repeatedly observed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is represented in Fig. 1. The tubule, hollow at the centre, comprises three portions on the right, a nanometre-sized tube of five graphitic cylinders with its tube-tip closed by polyhedral surfaces in the middle a cone with stacked ice-cream cone terminations of inner graphitic shells and on the left, a wider tube which extends towards the left. 

Over the years many of the theoretical predictions pertaining to the behavior of supported metal particles have been confirmed from the observation of the dynamic events which occurred when such systems were heated in the presence of a gas within the electron microscope. It has been known for many years that when small metal particles are heated on a graphite support mobility will result at a particular temperature (ref. 76). 

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