Electron carriers and vitamins

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) 

Other cofactors derived from water-soluble vitamins 

NADPH (the reduced form of NADP+) provides reducing equivalents for 

Biotin is involved in the carboxylation of pyruvate (which forms oxaloacetate), acetyl CoA (which forms malonyl CoA), and other compounds. 

Vitamin K is involved in the activation of precursors of prothrombin and other clotting factors by carboxylation of glutamate residues. 

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