Electrolytic manganese dioxid

ANHBIOHCS - BETA-LACTAMS - PENICILLINS AND OTTiERS] (Vol 3) EMD. See Electrolytic manganese dioxide. 

Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide. The anodic oxidation of an Mn(II) salt to manganese dioxide dates back to 1830, but the usefuhiess of electrolyticaHy prepared manganese dioxide for battery purposes was not recognized until 1918 (69). Initial use of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EAfD) for battery use was ia Japan (70) where usage continues. 

Total world capacity for electrolytic manganese dioxide (FMD) is estimated to be in the area of 194, 500 t/yr, and aimual capacity of chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) is estimated to be in the range of 40,000 t. Producers are fisted in Tables 18 and 19, respectively. Capacity and process information on potassium permanganate is given in Table 17. 

Table 5. Production Conditions for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide...

In the field of electrowinning and electrorefining of metals, titanium has an advantage as a cathode, upon which copper particularly can be deposited with finely balanced adhesion that allows the electrodeposited metal to strip easily when required. Titanium anodes are also being employed as a replacement for lead or graphite in the production of electrolytic manganese dioxide. 

Most primary dry cells nowadays use Mn02 as a cathode. The total annual world consumption of Mn02 for dry cells exceeds 600.000 tons about 50% being EMD (electrolytic Manganese Dioxide). 

Rather than natural ores as in Leclanche batteries, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), which is produced by anodic oxidation of Mn ions at graphite electrodes in solutions of manganese salts, is used as the active material for the positive... 

Shao-Hom Y., Hackney S. A., Comilsen B. C., Structural characterization of heat-treated electrolytic manganese dioxide and topotactic transformation of discharge products in the Li-Mn02 cells, J. Electrochem. Society, (1997) 144, 3147-3153. 

The performance in Zn-MnC>2 alkaline cells of electrolytic manganese dioxide produced in the presence of fluoride ions is compared with commercial EMD materials by I. Makyeyeva et al. The material produced in the presence of fluoride ions was shown to have superior utilization to the commercial EMD. The authors state that the improved... 

It is shown that electrolytic manganese dioxide, which has been obtained from fluorine-containing electrolytes differs from traditional types of Mn02 obtained by state-of-the-art synthesis methods. This material is characterized by the increased amount of structural defects. It is shown that crystalline structure with a large number of defects has a higher catalytic and electrochemical activity. 

A form of electrolytic manganese dioxide obtained by us from fluorine-containing electrolytes was seen to produce the best cathode active material for Zn/Mn02 and Li/Mn02 types of power sources. 

Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID), 9 603 Electrolytic manganese dioxide,... 

All factors of course are of somewhat poor reproducibility concerning the natural Mn02- So synthetic manganese dioxides are produced commercially for battery use (high performance cells) Chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) and electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). 

Kozawa, A. Yeager, J.F. The cathodic reduction mechanism of electrolytic manganese dioxide in alkakline electrolyte. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1965, 122, 959 Cathodic reduction mechanism of MnOCH to MN(0H)2 in alkaline electrolyte. 1968, 115, 1003. 

---