Electrolytic formation of heterocyclic systems

In the electrolytic formation of heterocyclic systems the role of the current is to bring one or both of the reaction centers to a suitable oxidation state. These reactions may be classified in different ways here they are treated according to the type of bond formed. 

Electrolytic formation of carbon bonds during formation of heterocyclic compounds occurs in the reduction of ketones to pinacols, in the hydrodimerization reaction, in some radical coupling reactions, and in the oxidative coupling of activated aromatic systems. 

Section III contains a discussion of the electrolytic reactions in which a heterocyclic system is formed the reactions will be treated under the following headings ring formation reactions, ring contractions, and ring expansions. 

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