Electrochemical methods split

Membrane cells find application in electrochemical methods for treating waste components [19]. In this method, the salt is electrochemically split and allowed to pass through a... 

Pt and Rh, catalyze the back reaction from and to H O. This back reaction occurs at very high rates, even without iUumination (dark reaction) [64], This was considered to be a general problan to be overcome for overall water splitting [59]. Co-loading Cr with another transition metal drastically improved the and evolution rates [61] and coated the metal surfaces with a nanoscale metal core Cr shell structure. It clearly suppresses the back reaction [64]. Yoshida et al. performed electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations on a model Pt or Rh electrode covered with an approximately 2-nm-thick Cr layer, which corresponds to the Cr layer of nanoparticles on photocatalysts [65]. The electrochemical method revealed that the Cr-coated electrode still exhibited proton adsorption and desorption peaks in cyclic voltammograms and did... 

At the end of the discussion of electrochemical measurement techniques, let us, however, briefly mention that there are other techniques that are not exclusively electrochemical in nature but related to the above methods such as thermoelectric measurements and Hall-effect measurements. Both techniques are extremely helpful in combination with conductivity experiments as they then allow the splitting of the conductivities into carrier concentration and mobilities. The first method relies on the emf formed as a sheer consequence of temperature differences (crosseffects in the thermal and chemical flux-force relations), while the second technique refers to concentration changes upon application of magnetic fields. Both techniques are particularly worked out for electronic carriers but are more tricky and much less straightforward for ionic carriers. For more details the reader is referred to Ref.16 301 302... 

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