Electrochemical dip-pen nanolithography

The Electrochemical Dip-Pen Nanolithography (E-DPN) leads to direct writing of PTh nanowires (diameter less than 100 nm) on ihe surface of semiconducting or insulating materials, thus allowing the fabrication of complex structures which are proposed for the design of devices with multipurpose applications (electronics, defense, pharmaceutics, and biotechnology) [171]. 

Dip-pen nanolithography is a high resolution patterning technique that enables the creation of patterns from the sub lOOnm to many micrometers length scale.76 This technique uses an ink-coated AFM (atomic force microscopy) tip as a nanopen. The ink molecules are transported from the tip to a substrate, normally by capillary forces when the tip is in contact with the surface of the substrate.77 The driving force for such transport is chemisorption of the ink to the underlying substrate due to a chemical78 or electrochemical force.79... 

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