Electrical serial resistance

An equivalent electric circuit in such a pore was modeled by a transmission RC circuit containing similar resistances of electrolyte within a pore with branching electric capacitances C of EDL of similar values within a pore (Fig. 27.1 lb). At high frequencies, the phase angle is 45° and the intercept at the Z axis is equal to solution resistance outside the pore. At the frequency of - 0, extrapolation of the dependence to the Z axis yields the sum of ionic resistance inside the pore structure and outer serial resistance. 

FIGURE 10.5 Discrete electric circuit modeling a capacitive coaxial cable. Each finite element possesses a serial resistance AR and a parallel capacitance AC. 

On working flowsheets the detectors, transmitters, and controllers are identified individually by appropriate letters and serial numbers in circles. Control valves are identified by the letters CV- followed by a serial number. When the intent is to show only in general the kind of control system, no special symbol is used for detectors, but simply a point of contact of the signal line with the equipment or process line. Transmitters are devices that convert the measured variable into air pressure for pneumatic controllers or units appropriate for electrical controllers. Temperature, for instance, may be detected with thermocouples or electrical resistance or height of a liquid column or radiant flux, etc., but the controller can accept only pneumatic or electrical signals depending on its type. When the nature of the transmitter is clear, it may be represented by an encircled cross or left out entirely. For clarity, the flowsheet can include only the most essential information. In an actual design... 

A biological material (a dieleetrie) ean be exposed to electric or magnetic fields in frequeneies from direct current (0 Hz) to x-rays ( 10 Hz). From direet eurrent to ac frequencies up to about 8 Hz, lumped eireuits (eomposed of serial and parallel resistances and eapaeitanee elements) are used to measure dielectric properties (Figure 27.11). The properties of the... 

Let us consider the simplest case of a metallic electrode of a negligible resistance surrounded on the solution side by the electrical double layer with capacity C (in /iF/cm ) and immersed in an ionic solution with the resistance R (in ohms/cm ). Here, no redox reaction on the electrode is considered. Thus the impedance of such an ideally polarized electrode is given by a serial combination of R and C and the overall vector of... 

Fig. 2 Process flow (a) Starting Material, (b)Deposit SisN (c)Deposit poly-silicon, (d) Deposit Al, (e) Resist coating, (f) Soft bake, (g) Exposure mask, (h) Develop resist (i) Poly-silicon RIE, (j) Alum etch and stripe resist, ion(k) Dry oxidation, (1) Poly-silicon nanogap pattern with pad Pt/Au fabrication( Electrical checking of the device can be performed on the fabricated pad)(Repeat step (a) to (j) for mask 2). Fig. 3 shows the circuit after serial impedance is measured, a simple resistor model is developed representing the substrate and polysilicon layer. The capacitor also found in series to describe the device with no liquid test...

Investigations of conductivity of insulating polymers are very difficult due to very low values of the measured currents. Additionally the apparent values of resistivity p or conductivity a are time dependent because the measured current decreases with increasing time after application of the electric field. This effect is due to complex polarization phenomena which occur when a step-voltage is applied to the sample. The resistance and capacitance of the insulating polymer can be represented by equivalent circuits with different serial and parallel combinations of resistors and capacitors in order to model the time (or frequency) dependence of the current. Such simulations can he used for elucidation of the resistance component of the sample. 

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