Effect of solvent on chemical

The use of the Gutmann41 donor and acceptor numbers for describing solvent effects on rates, equilibria and other physicochemical properties has met with some success in organic chemistry. 62 63 However, because the donor and acceptor numbers of mixtures of solvents can not be inferred from the values of the pure solvents but must be determined experimentally, and also because the relationships describing the effects of solvent on chemical reactions were found to apply to non-associated solvents of medium to high dielectric constant, there has been very little attempt to introduce this approach into inorganic systems where the commonly used solvents are protic, i.e. associated. However, one such reaction that has been studied was63 equation (34) ... 

Barlin and Batterham223 have studied the effects of solvent on chemical shifts of the anionic and cationic species of imidazoles. Protonation shifts, obtained by direct comparison of spectra in deuteriochloroform and trifluoroacetic acid, observed for 1-methyl-imidazoles are consistent with stabilization of the resulting cations by an amidinium-type resonance (47). Thus, for 1-methylimidazole, which... 

Both non-empirical <85JMR262> and semiempirical methods <83OMR(2i)50l> have been applied successfully to the interpretation of NMR spectra, particularly to the effects of solvent on chemical shifts. 

Numerous books and papers have been published on various effects of solvents on chemical reactions and reactivity. Also many scales were developed to rank solvent effect of reactivity by cation or anion solvation.There are many properties of solvents which affect chemical reactivity. These can be divided into physical and chemical effects. Physical effects of solvents may be generalized as follows ... 

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