Early research

Another aspect of my early research in Budapest was in nitration chemistry, specifically the preparation of nitronium tetrafluoroborate, a stable nitronium salt. 1 was able to prepare the salt in a simple and efficient way from nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and boron trifluoride. 

Kinetics and Mechanisms. Early researchers misunderstood the fast reaction rates and high molecular weights of emulsion polymerization (11). In 1945 the first recognized quaHtative theory of emulsion polymerization was presented (12). This mechanism for classic emulsion preparation was quantified (13) and the polymerization separated into three stages. 

Early research and development is described in a symposium proceedings (54). The status of the CANDU program as of 1975 is given in Reference 55 and a brief history maybe found in a more recent pubHcation of the American Nuclear Society (37). 

Photolytic Reactions. Much of the early research on photolysis of pesticides was conducted in organic solvents at high concentrations using... 

The recognition of the existence of semiconductors and their interpretation in terms of band theory will be treated in Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1. Pippard, in his chapter, includes an outline account of the early researches on semiconductors. 

On top of this alloy development, turbine blades for the past two decades have been routinely made from single crystals of predetermined orientation the absence of grain boundaries greatly enhances creep resistance. Metallic monocrystals have come a long way since the early research-centred uses described in Section 4.2.1. 

A good, accessible overview of quasicrystals, written only a few years after their discovery, is by Ranganathan (1990) Indian metallurgists played a major part in the early research. Many other published reviews require considerable mathematical sophistication before they can be understood by the reader. 

U.S. Air Force Academy in 1961. He was an early researcher in the development of low-temperature molten salts as battery electrolytes. At that time low temperature meant close to 100 °C, compared to many hundreds of degrees for conventional molten salts. His work led directly to the chloroaluminate ionic liquids. 

Rubber—an unusual name for an unusual substance—is a naturally occurring aikene polymer produced by more than 400 different plants. The major source is the so-called rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, from which the crude material is harvested as it drips from a slice made through the bark. The name rubber was coined by Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen and early researcher of rubber chemistry, for the simple reason that one of rubber s early uses was to tub out pencil marks on paper. 

There is unusually strong justification for the historical approach in presenting the important facts about x-rays to analytical chemists the information these chemists need in their work is largely that discovered in the early researches. This is particularly clear in connection with absorption and emission spectra, in which more refined investigations with more powerful equipment later revealed important complexities that the analytical chemist may ignore. Several of these complexities will be recorded below. 

Still more confusion plagued early researches, when it was not realized that the biosynthetic routes to thiamine in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite different, a fact not expected at the outset. Thus, evidence collected from the study of yeast could not be transposed to bacteria, and vice-versa. For instance, formate is a most efficient precursor of one of the carbon atoms of the pyrimidine part of thiamine (pyramine), both in yeasts and enterobacteria, but incorporates at C-2 in bacteria and at C-4 in yeast. However, as is briefly covered in Section VIII, this dichotomy of pathways might have a deep significance in the perspective of biochemical evolution during primitive life on Earth. 

As mentioned previously, N2O plays an important role in stratospheric chemistry by providing the dominant source of NO in the stratosphere (see Section 12.5). What is more difficult to predict is how stratospheric chemistry will change as a result of continued increases in the concentration of atmospheric N2O. Early research suggested that increased N2O would lead to significant reductions in stratospheric O3. However, more current reports suggest that stratospheric NO plays a key role in "protecting" stratospheric O3 from more significant... 

The knowledge of turbulent premixed flames has improved from this very simple level by following the progress made in experimental and numerical techniques as well as theoretical methods. Much employed in early research, the laboratory Bunsen burners are characterized by relatively low turbulence levels with flow properties that are not constant everywhere in the flame. To alleviate these restrictions, Karpov et al. [5] pioneered as early as in 1959 the studies of turbulent premixed flames initiated by a spark in a more intense turbulence, produced in a fan-stirred quasi-spherical vessel. Other experiments carried out among others by Talantov and his coworkers allowed to determine the so-called turbulent flame speed in a channel of square cross-section with significant levels of turbulence [6]. 

In any case, it is perceived from the above discussion that the problem of longterm chemical stability of polycrystalline semiconductor liquid junction solar cells is far from being solved. Still, as already pointed out in the early research, any practical photovoltaic and PEC device would have to be based on polycrystalline photoelectrodes. Novel approaches mostly involving specially designed PEC systems with alternative solid or gel electrolytes and, most importantly, hybrid/sensitized electrodes with properties dictated by nanophase structuring - to be discussed at the end of this chapter - promise new advances in the field. 

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