Dynamic time warping

H.J. Ramaker, E.N.M. van Sprang, J. A. Westerhuis and A.K. Smilde, Dynamic time warping of spectroscopic batch data. Anal. Chim. Acta, 498, 133-153 (2003). 

K. Gohmer and C. Posten, Supervision of bioprocesses using a dynamic time warping algorithm. Control Eng. Pract., 4(9), 1287-1295 (1996). 

Alternative approaches are for example dynamic time warping [Kassidas et al. 1998], PARAFAC2 [Wise et al. 2001] or matricizing X differently [Wold et al. 1998],... 

Kassidas A, MacGregor JF, Taylor PA, Synchronization of batch trajectories using dynamic time warping, AIChE Journal, 1998, 44, 864—875. 

Figure 3.19 (a) Simulated chromatogram for a reference signal (solid line) and a sample signal (dotted line), (b) Alignment of reference and sample signal curves by dynamic time warping. 

Much of the data from which knowledge is discovered are of a temporal nature. Detecting patterns in sequences of time-dependent data, or time series, is an important aspect of Data Mining, and has applications in areas as diverse as financial analysis and astronomy. Dynamic Time-Warping (DTW) is a technique established in the recognition of patterns in speech, but may be more widely applied to other types of data. 

Kogan, J.A. and Margoliash, D. (1998) Automated recognition of bird song elements from continuous recordings using dynamic time warping and hidden Markov models, a comparative study. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103 2185-2196. 

Ting H N, Yunus J, Hussain S and Cheah E L (2001) Malay syllable recognition based on multilayer perception and dynamic time warping. Sixth international symposium on signal processing and its application, 2001, pp 743-744... 

Tomasi G, van den Berg F, Andersson C. Correlation optimized warping and dynamic time warping as preprocessing methods for chromatographic data. J Chemom 2004 18 231 1. 

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