Particle dumbbell-like

For a dumbbell-like particle consisting of two adjacent spheres of equal radius a, one has... 

Figure 13.9 Example of clay encapsulation by starved-feed soap-free emulsion polymerization. The large MMT platelets are encapsulated inside dumbbell-like particles whereas small Laponite platelets are contained inside spherical latex particles. Adapted from reference 52 with permission of the American Chemical Society.

Figure 10.1 Schematic illustration of the miniemulsion process and the possible morphologies of polymer-clay droplets/particles during the miniemulsification step and miniemulsion polymerization (a) full encapsulated morphology (b) dumbbell-like or snowman-like morphology (c), (d) dispersed silicate platelets with miniemulsion droplets or polymer adsorbed to its surface (e) clay platelets acting at the surfaces of droplets/particles.

The electrons are negatively charged particles. The mass of an electron is about 2000 times smaller than that of an proton or neutron at 0.00055 amu. Electrons circle so fast that it cannot be determined where electrons are at any point in time, rather, we talk about the probability of finding an electron at a point in space relative to a nucleus at any point in time. The image depicts the old Bohr model of the atom, in which the electrons inhabit discrete "orbitals" around the nucleus much like planets orbit the sun. This model is outdated. Current models of the atomic structure hold that electrons occupy fuzzy clouds around the nucleus of specific shapes, some spherical, some dumbbell shaped, some with even more complex shapes. Even though the simpler Bohr model of atomic structure has been superseded, we still refer to these electron clouds as "orbitals". The number of electrons and the nature of the orbitals they occupy basically determines the chemical properties and reactivity of all atoms and molecules. 

This liquid-crystal-like behavior was also found in the shoulder-dumbbell system with X/cr 0.20 (de Oliveira et al., 2010). In this state the particles have a crystal-like ordering, but diffuse as a one-dimensional string. 

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