Du Bois-Reymond

The possibility of active transport of substances across membranes had first been pointed out in the middle of the nineteenth century by the physiologist Emil Heinrich du Bois-Reymond, a German of Swiss descent. The ability to accomplish active transport of ions and uncharged molecules in the direction of increasing electrochemical potentials is one of the most important features of cell membrane function. The law of independent ionic migration as a rule is violated in active transport. 

E. Du Bois-Reymond, Untersuchungen iiber Thierishe Elektrizitdt, vol. 1, G. Reiner, Berlin, 1948. 

The discovery of galvanic electricity (i.e. electrical phenomena connected with the passage of electric current) by L. Galvani in 1786 occurred simultaneously with his study of a bioelectrochemical phenomenon which was the response of excitable tissue to an electric impulse. E. du Bois-Reymond found in 1849 that such electrical phenomena occur at the surface of the tissue, but it was not until almost half a century later that W. Ostwald demonstrated that the site of these processes are electrochemical semipermeable membranes. In the next decade, research on semipermeable membranes progressed in two directions—in the search for models of biological membranes and in the study of actual biological membranes. 

In 1848 du Bois-Reymond [21] suggested that the surfaces of biological formations have a property similar to the electrode of a galvanic cell and that this is the source of bioelectric phenomena observed in damaged tissues. The properties of biological membranes could not, however, be explained before at least the basic electrochemistry of simple models was formulated. The thermodynamic relationships for membrane equilibria were derived by Gibbs in 1875 [29], but because the theory of electrolyte solutions was formulated first by Arrhenius as late as 1887, Gibbs does not mention either ions or electric potentials. 

The concept of "mathematical chemistry had been already used by M.V. Lomonosov [1] and later on in the 19th century by Du Bois-Reymond, but for a long time it became inapplicable, apparently due to the lack of a distinct field for its application. As a rule, it was, and has remained, preferable to speak about the application of mathematical methods in chemistry rather than about "mathematical chemistry . To our mind, it is now quite correct to treat mathematical chemistry as a specific field of investigation. Its equations are primarily those of chemical kinetics, i.e. ordinary differential equations with a specific polynomial content. We treat these equations relative to heterogeneous catalytic systems. 

Du Bois-Reymond E (1877) Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Allgemeinen Muskel- und Nervenphysik. 2 vols, Leipzig von Veit Verlag. 

The various worms log equations come from a tattered pamphlet I found in a garage sale. The pamphlet, published in 1910 by Cambridge University Press, was titled Orders of Infinity The Infinitdrcalcul of Paul du Bois-Reymond. The author was G. H. Hardy. 

Endogenous electric fields were measured at human skin wounds in the mid-nineteenth century. German physiologist Emil Du-Bois Reymond, using a self-built galvanometer, measured electric currents of 1 pA flowing out of a skin wound on his own finger (1, 2). 

Du Bois-Reymond, E. (1843) Vorlaufiger Abriss einer Untersuchung uber den sogenannten Fro-schstrom und die electomotorischen Fische. Ann. Phy. U. Chem. 58, 1-30. 

Du Bois-Reymond, E. (1860) Untersuchun-gen uber thierische Elektricitat, Zweiter Band, Zweite AbtheHung (Erste Lieferung). Georg Reimer, Berlin. 

Thus, neither greater nor less than zero as supposed, the coefficient of 5y, i. e., Fy + XGy + A), has to be zero at t = 0 where 6y is already zero. This result is due to Du Bois-Reymond (1879) and holds for any t where 6y is zero. 

P. Du Bois-Reymond. Erlauterungen zu der anfangsgriinden der variation-srechnung. Math. Ann., 15 283-314, 1879. 

Engelmann, Theodore Wilhelm (1843-1909) German botanist. 1897 succeeded EmU du Bois-Reymond at University of Berlin (1818-1876) 1858 professor of physiology at the Physiological Institute. 

Alard du Bois-Reymond had been less definite in his proposals, which in 1915 he published in a slim booklet entitled, Vom Deutschen Michel A patent lawyer, familiar with the problems of converting inventions into technology, he was skeptical of Wells proposals for a Ministry of Inventions . 

Du Bois-Reymond neither made concrete suggestions like Waser, nor did he name Wells as his source. It seems unlikely that his essay was even known to Haber or Schmidt-Ott, but Haber could have seen the same report in Nature as du Bois-Reymond on British scientific developments which, despite the war, still found its way into German libraries. In a surprisingly open manner. Nature had reported on plans in Britain. One could read how, in 1915, ideas that had been tossed around since the beginning of the war were being consolidated into a centralized guidance of science, presaging the establishment of a new Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in 1916. ... 

Alard du Bois-Reymond, Kriegserfindungen , in Vom Deutschen Michel (Berlin, Kassel Furchev-erlag, 1915), 78-90. 

Hermann von Helmholtz was a student of Du Bois-Reymond. He measured the conduction velocity of a nerve cell axon around 1850. He formulated the very basic theorems of superposition and reciprocity, and also some very important laws of... 

Archiv fur Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, ed. Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond, Leipzig, 1867, 87-128 (Experimente zur Theorie der Zellenbildung und Endos-... 

Unpolarisable electrodes of amalgamated zinc in concentrated zinc sulphate solution were used in electromotive force measurements by E. du Bois-Reymond and J. Worm-Miiller, and in conductivity measurements by Edmond Bouty, then professor of physics in the Lycee St. Louis in Paris, who obtained accurate results with dilute solutions. Horsford s method was modified by Stroud and Henderson. ... 

Archiv fur AnatomiCy Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Mediciny ed. Reichert and du Bois-Reymond, 1867, 417 (453). 

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